Artichoke Inhibits Breast Cancer Cells Against Proliferation, Researchers Found

By Kyle J. Norton

Breast cancer is the medical condition caused by cell growth disorderly in the breast tissue due to the alternation of DNA.

Most cases of breast cancer start in the cell on the surface of the inner lining of the breast tissue either from the milk ducts (Ductal carcinoma) or the lobules (Lobular carcinoma) that supply the ducts with milk.

According to the statistics, in the US, 1 in 8 women (about 12.4%) will develop invasive breast cancer over the course of her lifetime. In 2018, over 260,000 new cases of invasive breast cancer were diagnosed.

The 5 years of the survival rate of early diagnosis of breast cancer is close to 100%. This result suggested that women should self examine their breasts every month, particularly during the day's menstruation for preventive measure.

By age analysis, according to epidemiological studies, rates of breast cancer are low in women under 40, accounting only 5% of all breast cancer cases.

However, the rates begin to increase after age 40 and women who are over the age of 70 are associated with the highest risk of the disease.

These results strongly suggested that declines hormones production in the older women may have a direct implication on the breast cancer onset.

Dr. Ruth C Travis, the lead scientist in the concern of estrogen exposure and breast cancer risk in menopausal women explained, "Although risk for breast cancer increases with age, there is a marked decline in the rate of increase in risk with age following the loss of ovarian function, either as a result of a bilateral oophorectomy or due to the menopause".

Artichoke is a perennial thistle of Cynara cardunculus species of the Cynara genus, belonging to the family Carduoideae native to Southern Europe around the Mediterranean.

The herbal plant has been used in traditional medicine as a liver protective and detoxified agent, and to treat digestive disorders, abdominal pain gas and bloating, etc.

Researchers with an aim to find a potential natural compound for the treatment of breast cancer investigated the polyphenolic extracts from the edible part of artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.)
chemopreventive and anticancer activity.

Administration at the high doses of polyphenolic extracts (AEs) induced apoptosis and decrease the invasive potential of the human breast cancer cell line, MDA-MB231.

Artichoke also displayed a significant increase of senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA-β-gal) staining associated with a decreased cell proliferation, the G1/S cell cycle arrest cells, altered cell morphology, against the breast cancer cell line.

Furthermore, the herbal medicine also exhibited the tumor suppressor genes, p16(INK4a) and p21(Cip1/Waf1) in MDA-MB231 cells. In other words, artichoke caused cancer cell apoptosis by the increased expression of a series of tumor suppressive genes.

Cell growth arrest was found to be correlated with the increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in AEs treated breast cancer cells.  In other words, AE exhibited the production of free radicals in the induction of cancer cells cytotoxicity.

The scientists after taking into account co and confounders, wrote in the final report, " Chronic AEs treatment inhibits breast cancer cell growth via the induction of premature senescence through epigenetic and ROS-mediated mechanisms".

Moreover, in order to reveal the polyphenolic extracts (AEs) of artichoke against breast cancer, researchers evaluated the antitumor effect of polyphenolic extracts from the edible part of artichokes (AEs).

Polyphenolic extracts (AEs) injection reduced cancer cell viability and inhibited cell growth in a dose-dependent manner.

Injection of AEs triggered apoptosis and cell death programming in the mitochondrial and death-receptor pathway.

The anti-cell proliferation also was observed by an increase of the Bax: Bcl2 ratio associated with the cancer apoptosis and proteins involved cell cycle division,  tumor suppressive gene, and decreased the expression of the cellular proliferative enzyme.

These results strongly indicated the cancer cell motility and invasion capabilities of highly invasive MDA-MB231 cells were remarkably inhibited by AEs-treatment.

Dr. Mileo AM, said, "AEs reduced cell viability, inhibited cell growth, triggered apoptotic mechanisms, and showed inhibitory properties against the invasive behavior of MDA-MB231 cancer cell line".

Taken altogether, artichoke processed abundantly polyphenolic compounds may be considered a functional remedy for the prevention and treatment fo breast cancer, pending to the confirmation of larger sample size and multicenter human study.

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Author Biography
Kyle J. Norton (Scholar, Master of Nutrition, All right reserved)
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published online, including worldwide health, ezine articles, article base, health blogs, self-growth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bioscience, ISSN 0975-6299.

References
(1) Long Term Exposure to Polyphenols of Artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) Exerts Induction of Senescence Driven Growth Arrest in the MDA-MB231 Human Breast Cancer Cell Line by Mileo AM1, Di Venere D2, Abbruzzese C1, Miccadei S. (PubMed)
(2) Artichoke polyphenols induce apoptosis and decrease the invasive potential of the human breast cancer cell line MDA-MB231. by Mileo AM1, Di Venere D, Linsalata V, Fraioli R, Miccadei S. (PubMed)
(3) Oestrogen exposure and breast cancer risk by Ruth C Travis1 and Timothy J Key. (PubMed)