Duodenitis is defined as a condition of inflammation in the lining of the duodenum, the first section of the small intestine.
Phytochemicals to prevent Duodenitis
The aim of phytochemicals is to enhance the inmmue function ain fighting
against invasion as result of bacterial, viral and parasitic causes of
inflammation
1. Gingerole
Gingerole, is also known as gingerol, a
phytochemical of Flavonoids (polyphenols) found in fresh
ginger. and in variety of other plants.
The herb has been used to treat nausea and vomiting of pregnancy, motion
sickness, rheumatoid arthritis, relieve migraine, etc. In the
investigation of the effectiveness of chemical constituents of Zingiber
officinale Rosc. (Zingiberaceae)in treating oxidative stress found that
compounds [6]-gingerol, [8]-gingerol, [10]-gingerol and [6]-shogaol of the
herb scavenges of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picyrlhydrazyl (DPPH), superoxide and
hydroxyl radicals, inhibitsof N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (f-MLP)
induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in human polymorphonuclear
neutrophils (PMN), lipopolysaccharide induced nitrite and prostaglandin E(2)
production in RAW 264.7 cells, according to the study of "Comparative
antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of [6]-gingerol, [8]-gingerol,
[10]-gingerol and [6]-shogaol" by
Dugasani S, Pichika MR, Nadarajah VD, Balijepalli MK, Tandra S, Korlakunta
JN(23).
2. Rutin
Rutin also known as rutoside,
quercetin-3-O-rutinoside and sophorin is a Flavonols,
belong to Flavonoids (polyphenols) of Phenolic compounds found orange,
grapefruit, lemon, lime, berries mulberry,
cranberries, buckwheat etc. In the investigation of Rutin, a natural
flavone derivative and its anti inflammatory effect found that Oral
administration of rutin reduced rat paw
swelling starting 2 hours after lambda-carrageenan injection. Rutin reduced significantly (p < 0.05) and in a
dose-dependant manner the polymorphonuclear neutrophils chemotaxis to
fMet-Leu-Phe, according to the study of "Anti-inflammatory effect
of rutin on rat paw oedema, and on neutrophils chemotaxis and
degranulation" by Selloum L, Bouriche H, Tigrine C, Boudoukha C.(24).
3. Catechin
Catechin is phytochemical of
Flavan-3-ols, in the group of Flavonoids (polyphenols), found abundantly
in
white tea, green tea, black tea, grapes, wine, apple juice, cocoa,
lentils, etc. In the research on polyphenolic compounds (included
catechins) in the berries of
edible honeysuckle and their biological effects, including recommended
utilization, are reviewed found that These berries seem to be
prospective
sources of health-supporting phytochemicals that exhibit beneficial
anti-adherence and chemo-protective activities, thus they may provide
protection
against a number of chronic conditions, e.g.,
cancer, diabetes mellitus, tumour growth or cardiovascular and neurodegenerative
diseases, according to "Phenolic profile
of edible honeysuckle berries (genus lonicera) and their biological
effects" by Jurikova T, Rop O, Mlcek J, Sochor J, Balla S,
Szekeres L,
Hegedusova A, Hubalek J, Adam V, Kizek R.(25). Also in the preparation
of the gel of Chinese medicine catechu, and to observe the
release mechanism in vitro and anti-inflammatory activity in rats, found
that
the optimum condition of extraction from catechu was as follows, the
concentration of ethanol, ratio of raw material to solvent, ultrasonic
time, and
extraction temperature were 50% , 1: 12, 35 min and 60 degrees C,
respectively.
The formulation of catechu gel was carbomer-9 400.5 g, glycerol 5.0 g,
the
extracts of catechu 50.0 mL, and triethanomine 0.5 mL The gel was
semitransparent and stable. The drugs released quickly. The catechu gel
reduced
the paw edema considerably in dose-dependent manner compared to
carrageenan-induced rat, according to "[Preparation and pharmacodynamics studies on
anti-inflammatory effect of catechu gel].[Article in Chinese]" by Zheng
X, Zheng C.(26).
4. Cinnamic acid
Cinnamic acid is a phytochemical
in the
class of Hydroxycinnamic acids, found abundantly in cinnamon, aloe. etc.
In the sudy of the ulcer-preventive properties of aqueous extract of
ginger
rhizome (GRAE) belonging to the family Zingiberceae, found that
compositional
analysis favored by determination of the efficacy of individual phenolic
acids
towards their potential ulcer-preventive ability revealed that between
cinnamic
(50%) and gallic (46%) phenolic acids, cinnamic
acid appear to contribute to better H(+), K(+)-ATPase and Helicobacter
pylori inhibitory activity, while gallic acid contributes significantly to
anti-oxidant activity, according to "Gastroprotective Effect of Ginger Rhizome (Zingiber
officinale) Extract: Role of Gallic Acid and Cinnamic Acid in H+, K+-ATPase/H. pylori Inhibition and
Anti-oxidative Mechanism" by Nanjundaiah SM, Annaiah HN, M Dharmesh S.(27).
5. Resveratrol
Resveratrol is a phytochemical in the
class of Stilbenoids, found abundantly in skins and seed of grape wine, nuts,
peanuts, etc. In the observation of Resveratrol's effects
in exhibition of several physiological activities including anticancer
and anti-inflammatory activities in vitro and in experimental animal models, as
well as in humans, found that Anticancer activity of this compound is mainly due
to induction of apoptosis via several pathways, as well as alteration of gene
expressions, all leading to a decrease in tumor initiation, promotion, and
progression. Resveratrol exhibits
anti-inflammatory activity through modulation of enzymes and pathways that
produce mediators of inflammation and also induction of programmed cell death in
activated immune cells. Resveratrol has
been shown to produce no adverse effects, even when consumed at high
concentrations, according to "Potential of
resveratrol in anticancer and anti-inflammatory therapy"
by
Udenigwe CC, Ramprasath VR, Aluko RE, Jones PJ.(28). Also in
the study of implantation and growth of metastatic cancer cells at
distant
organs is promoted by inflammation-dependent mechanism, found that resveratrol remarkably inhibited hepatic
retention and metastatic growth of melanoma cells by 50% and 75%, respectively.
The mechanism involved IL-18 blockade at three levels: First, resveratrol prevented IL-18 augmentation in the blood of
melanoma cell-infiltrated livers. Second, resveratrol inhibited IL-18-dependent expression of
VCAM-1 by tumor-activated hepatic sinusoidal endothelium, preventing melanoma
cell adhesion to the microvasculature. Third, resveratrol inhibited adhesion- and
proliferation-stimulating effects of IL-18 on metastatic melanoma cells through
hydrogen peroxide-dependent nuclear factor-kappaB translocation blockade on
these cells, according to "Resveratrol prevents inflammation-dependent hepatic melanoma
metastasis by inhibiting the secretion and effects of interleukin-18" by
Salado C, Olaso E, Gallot N, Valcarcel M, Egilegor E, Mendoza L,
Vidal-Vanaclocha F.(29).
6. Etc.
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Sources
(22) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22988262
(23) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19833188
(24) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12710715
(25) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22269864
(26) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22256752
(27) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19570992
(28)
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18667005
(29) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21569399
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