Bladder Stones (calculus) is a composed of mineral masses formed in
the bladder as a result of Concentrated, stagnant urinary, dehydrated
causes of crystallization. Small bladder stones in most cases, pass on
their own in the flow of urine.
Risk factors
1. Cystinuria
Cystinuria is an inherited autosomal recessive disease. There is a report of an unusual cystine stone presented in 24-year-old man. Radiographs showed a giant bladder stone shadow, 8.0 x 10.0 x 5.0 cm in size(10).
2. Age and gender
If you are male and over 30 years of age, you are at increased risk of
bladder stone. In the study of a series of 1,354 stones derived from
urology departments in Western Algeria was studied by IRTF spectroscopy.
Analysis of the results concerned the crystalline composition and
anatomical site of the stones and the age and gender of the
patients.found that the male/female ratio has remained almost constant
at 2.23. The anatomical site has changed with a predominance in the
upper tract (77.4% of stones). The nucleus showed that phosphates are
predominant in 48.6% of cases versus 35.6% for oxalates. Carbapatite and
struvite are more frequent in women,
found in 50.8% and 6.7% of cases, respectively, than in man, found in
44.6% and 3.7% of cases, respectively. Calcium oxalate is predominantly
found in the upper urinary tract (70.9%) rather than in the bladder
(48.3%), regardless of gender. Calcium phosphate is more abundant in
the upper tract of females with 23.7% of cases versus 10.7% in the bladder. It is equally distributed between the bladder
and the upper tract in males (13.7% and 13.2%, respectively).
Examination of the side affected by stones showed a predominance of the
left side in both sexes.
4. Bladder outlet obstruction(11)
There is a report of a 48-year-old man was hospitalized with the chief
complaints of lower abdominal pain, pain during micturation and
pollakuria. Plain radiography showed 2 giant bladder stone shadows: one as 6.0 × 5.0 cm and the other one 5.0 × 5.0 cm in size. That were completely obstructing the bladder outlet
and observed several years following pelvic traumahe(12). There are
many causes of bladder outlet obstruction but enlarged prostate is one
of primary risk factors.
6. Frequent bladder infections
Chronic bladder infections can lead to the formation of bladder stones.
7. Urinary track infection
Urinary tract infection can cause obstruction of the urinany flow that can lead to formation of bladder stone. Urinary tract bacterial infections
are common in women. Moreover, they tend to recur throughout life and
in the same relatively small group of women. In most cases, bladder and renal infections are asymptomatic and manifest by demonstrating coincidental bacteriuria. In some instances, however, especially with frequent sexual activity, pregnancy, stone disease, or diabetes, symptomatic cystitis or pyelonephritis develops and antimicrobial therapy is indicated(13)
8. Nutritional factors
In teh study to describe clinical cases of childhood bladder
stones and associated risk factors. Forty children (9 girls), aged
1-14-years old, (means 4.7 +/- 0.5 years), who underwent surgical stone
removal in the Saravane Provincial Hospital during a 13-month period,
researchers at the Institut de la Francophonie pour la Médecine
Tropicale, showed that the morbidity and social cost of childhood bladder
stones may be high. A larger scale prospective and comparative study
assessing their incidence and associated nutritional factors is
warranted and feasible, and may lead to preventive measures(14).
9. Etc.
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Sources
(10) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15198153
(11) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16821346
(12) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21806900
(13) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16260529
(14) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15906634
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