Cerebral hemorrhage
Cerebral hemorrhage, a sub type of intracranial hemorrhage, is defined as a condition of bleeding as a result of artery bursts in the brain, considered as one of the main cause of stroke, according to the research article of Endoscopic management of hypertensive intraventricular haemorrhage with obstructive hydrocephalus(1).
Causes
a. Penetrating head trauma
Patients receiving warfarin or clopidogrel are considered at increased risk for traumatic intracranial hemorrhage after blunt head trauma. In a study of a total of 1,064 patients were enrolled (768 warfarin patients [72.2%] and 296 clopidogrel patients [27.8%]). There were 364 patients (34.2%) from Level I or II trauma centers and 700 patients (65.8%) from community hospitals. One thousand patients received a cranial CT scan in the ED. Both warfarin and clopidogrel groups had similar demographic and clinical characteristics, although concomitant aspirin use was more prevalent among patients receiving clopidogrel. The prevalence of immediate traumatic intracranial hemorrhage was higher in patients receiving clopidogrel (33/276, 12.0%; 95% confidence interval [CI] 8.4% to 16.4%) than patients receiving warfarin (37/724, 5.1%; 95% CI 3.6% to 7.0%), relative risk 2.31 (95% CI 1.48 to 3.63). Delayed traumatic intracranial hemorrhage was identified in 4 of 687 (0.6%; 95% CI 0.2% to 1.5%) patients receiving warfarin and 0 of 243 (0%; 95% CI 0% to 1.5%) patients receiving clopidogrel(2).
b. Amyloid angiopathy
In the review of neuropathologic studies suggestion of an association between cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) and small ischemic infarctions as well as hemorrhages by analyzing MR images from 78 subjects with a diagnosis of probable CAA and a similar aged group of 55 subjects with Alzheimer disease or mild cognitive impairment (AD/MCI) for comparison. DWI and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) maps were inspected for acute or subacute infarcts, showed that MRI evidence of small subacute infarcts is present in a substantial proportion of living patients with advanced cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA). The presence of these lesions is associated with a higher burden of hemorrhages, but not with conventional vascular risk factors(3).
c. Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis
Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis is defined as a rare condition of stroke as a result from thrombosis (a blood clot) of the dural venous sinuses. There is a report of a A 65-year-old man presented with right hemiparesis and loss of consciousness. Brain computed tomography showed a left frontoparietal hemorrhage. Angiographic studies with magnetic resonance imaging showed the presence of a partial superior saggital sinus thrombosis. With a diagnosis of CVST, intravenous heparin was administered. After 24 hours the patient had a symptomatic increase in ICH size, and 2 days later the patient developed a status epilepticus with new evidence of rebleeding. Anticoagulant treatment was stopped and the patient experienced neurological improvement, with no new episodes of rebleeding(4).
d. Infection of Streptococcus mutans
Infection with Streptococcus mutans expressing collagen-binding protein (CBP) is a potential risk factor for haemorrhagic stroke(5).
e. Fetal cytomegalovirus infection
There is a report of a 38-year-old gravida 3, para 2 at 16 weeks of gestation who underwent ultrasound examination for anomaly screening. The scan revealed an extensive irregular echogenic area in the fetal brain, especially at the level of lateral ventricles, suggestive of intraventricular and cerebral hemorrhage due to intrauterine cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection(6).
e. Cerebral Aneurysms
Cerebral aneurysm is defined as a cerebrovascular disorder causes of the blood vessel to bulge or balloon out of the wall of a blood vessel as a result of the weaken of blood vessels and veins and occurred mostly at the bifurcations and branches of the large arteries located at the Circle of Willis. It can burst and cause bleeding into the brain(5) leading to Intracranial hemorrhage(7)
f. Brain Arteriovenous malformations
Brain Arteriovenous malformations is defined as a condition of abnormal connection between veins and arteries, with a high rate of bleeding into the brain usually congenital.
g. Etc.
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Sources
(1) http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2377/7/1
(2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22626015
(3) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19349602
(4) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21712666
(5) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21952219
(6) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18417974
(7) http://diseases-researches.blogspot.ca/p/cerebral-aneurysm.html
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