Hemorrhaging is also known as bleeding or abnormal bleeding as a
result of blood loss due to internal.external leaking from blood
vessels or through the skin.
H. Breakthrough bleeding
Breakthrough bleeding is defined as a condition of an abnormal flow of
blood from the uterus that occurs between menstrual periods especially
due to irregular sloughing of the endometrium in women on contraceptive
hormones(1).
Prevention
1. Lose weight
Accumulation of fat in obese women can cause the increased risk of breakthrough bleeding due to ongoing production of estrogen.
2. Smoking
Smoking can interfere with menstrual control of oral contraceptive that can lead to breakthrough bleeding.
3. Reduce intake of enzyme inducers
4. Mifepristone
in the study to determine if mifepristone would decrease BTB in new
starters of DMPA.
Twenty regularly cycling women who were new starters of DMPA were
randomized to receive 50 mg of mifepristone or placebo every 2 weeks for
24 weeks, researchers at the University of Southern California Keck
School of Medicine, showed that percent days of BTB and number of cycles
with bleeding intervals > or =8 and > or =14 days were evaluated using daily bleeding
diaries. Ovulation was determined by measuring thrice-weekly urinary
metabolites of estrogen and progesterone. Endometrial concentrations of
ER and PR were determined by immunohistochemistry. Mifepristone
significantly decreased the percent days of BTB and the number of cycles
with prolonged bleeding
intervals when compared to placebo. No subject ovulated in either
group. ER immunostaining increased and PR immunostaining decreased after
mifepristone treatment. In conclusion, a 50 mg dose of mifepristone
taken every 2 weeks decreases the incidence of BTB in new starters of
DMPA. This effect may be due to modulation of endometrial estrogen and
progesterone receptors(6).
5. Etc.
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Sources
(1) http://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/breakthrough%20bleeding
(6) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14668006
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