Melatonin, also known as
N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine, a hormone secreted by the pineal gland in
the brain with functions of regulating sleep cycles, other hormones,
timing in secretion of female hormones that affect the menstrual cycle,
etc. The levels of the circulating hormone vary in a daily cycle, depending to the circadian rhythm is an internal 24-hour “clock”.
1. Melatonin as an antioxidant
One important feature, as a role as a pervasive and powerful
antioxidant, Melatonin protect our body from free radicals by fighting
against damage of the nuclear and mitochondrial DNA of the cells. In a
study of "Free Radical-Mediated Molecular Damage Mechanisms for the Protective Actions of Melatonin in the Central Nervous System" by RUSSEL
J. REITER, DARIO ACUÑA-CASTROVIEJO, DUN-XIAN TAN and SUSANNE
BURKHARDT, researchers concluded that most recently, melatonin has been
shown to increase the efficiency of the electron transport chain and,
as a consequence, to reduce election leakage and the generation of free
radicals. These multiple actions make melatonin a potentially useful
agent in the treatment of neurological disorders that have oxidative
damage as part of their etiological basis.
2. Melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) and Headaches
Over counter melatonin supplement has been proven to be
effectively prevent and treat migraines and headaches. In a study of The therapeutic potential of melatonin in migraines and other headache types by Gagnier JJ.,
researcher found that melatonin may play a role in resynchronizing
biological rhythms to lifestyle and subsequently relieve migraines and
other forms of headaches. In addition, research testing the
administration of melatonin found it safe in migraine sufferers, with
few or no side effects. However, a larger, randomized control trial is
needed to definitively determine if administration of melatonin to
migraine patients is effective.
3. Melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) and Circadian disturbances
According
to the article of Is Internal Timing Key to Mental Health? Published
by AAAS, the article indicated that... psychiatrists working with small
groups of patients have shown that
correcting abnormal circadian
rhythms—through exposure to light, melatonin pills, or even sleep
deprivation—can help treat some of these disorders,....
4. Melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) and Depression associated with the menopause
According
to the study of "Effects of Melatonin in Perimenopausal and Menopausal Women: Our Personal Experience" by Bellipanni G, DI Marzo F, Blasi F,
Di Marzo A., researchers concluded that At present we assert that the
six-month treatment with MEL produced a remarkable and highly
significant improvement of thyroid function, positive changes of
gonadotropins towards more juvenile levels, and abrogation of
menopause-related depression.
5. Melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) and Prolactin
In a study of Evening
administration of melatonin enhances the pulsatile secretion of
prolactin but not of LH and TSH in normally cycling women, by Massimo
Terzolo, Alberto Revelli, Daniela Guidetti, Alessandro Piovesan, Paola
Cassoni, Piero Paccotti, Alberto Angeli, Marco Massobrio, researchers
found that Exogenous melatonin has a stimulatory effect on PRL release
without affecting the temporal pattern of its pulsatile secretion in
normal women. Melatonin has minor, if any, effect on TSH secretion
whereas the effect on LH may depend on individual sensitivity.
6. Melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) and Fertility
Melatonin can enhance fertility of a woman by lowering Follicle stimulating hormones, according to the article of "You should know about Melatonin and Fertility" by Dr. Tanya Smith, TCM,
... at the 20th World Congress on Fertility and Sterility in September
2010 and found that the fertilization rate among women who took 3 mg
tablets of melatonin (n = 56) during the second IVF cycle were improved
compared with those achieved during their first failed cycle, at 50.0%
versus 20.2%. Patients who did not take melatonin (n = 59) experienced
no change in fertilization rates.
7. Melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) and Menopause
In a study of "Decrease in melatonin precedes follicle-stimulating hormone increase during perimenopause" Olli Vakkuri, Aarre Kivelä, Juhani Leppäluoto, Maija Valtonen and Antti Kauppila, researchers found that the
inverse changes in melatonin and FSH secretion during the
perimenopausal years, with the sharpest decline in nocturnal excretion
of melatonin far before menopause, suggest that melatonin may be
permissively linked to the initiation of menopause.
7. Melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) and Anxiety: the association with lower melatonin levels
In a study of "Perioperative
effects of melatonin and midazolam premedication on sedation,
orientation, anxiety scores and psychomotor performance" by Acil M,
Basgul E, Celiker V, Karagöz AH, Demir B, Aypar U., researchers
concluded that Melatonin premedication was associated with preoperative
anxiolysis and sedation without postoperative impairment of psychomotor
performance.
8. Anti-depressant action of melatonin
In the study to investigate the antidepressant effect of physiological and pharmacological doses of melatonin in the Porsolt forced swimming-induced behavioral despair test, showed that acute administration of higher doses of melatonin
(2.5-10 mg/kg) failed to induce any anti-depressant activity in mice
which were subjected to forced swimming test for the first time.
However, daily administration of melatonin
(2.5-10 mg/kg) prior to swimming test significantly reversed the
increase in immobility period that was observed on chronic exposure to
swimming test. This effect was comparable with the effect of
GABA-benzodiazepine (BZ) receptor agonists. Similarly, like GABAergic
drugs, acute administration of melatonin also showed anti-depressant activity in a mice which were exposed to chronic forced swimming test(8).
9. Direct involvement of melatonin in modulation of ovarian steroidogenesis
In the study to investigate the gene expression of the two different forms of melatonin receptors in human granulosa-luteal cells, using RT-PCR. PCR products corresponding to the expected sizes of the melatonin
receptor subtypes, mt(1)-R and MT(2)-R, which were obtained from
granulosa-luteal cells, and the authenticity of the PCR products was
confirmed by Southern blot hybridization with cDNA probes, showed that melatonin
treatment alone had no effect on basal progesterone production but
enhanced the effects of human CG-stimulated progesterone production.
Because MAPKs are activated in response to a diverse array of
extracellular stimuli leading to the regulation of cell growth,
division, and differentiation, and because melatonin has been shown to modulate cellular proliferation and differentiation. But melatonin
activated MAPK in a dose- and time-dependent manner can regulate
progesterone production, LH receptor, GnRH, and GnRH receptor gene
expression through melatonin receptors in human granulosa-luteal cells, which may be mediated via the MAPK pathway and activation of Elk-1(9).
10. Tryptophan-enriched cereal intake in
elderly humans
In the study to analyze whether the consumption of cereals enriched with tryptophan,
the precursor of both serotonin and melatonin, may help in the
reconsolidation of the sleep/wake cycle and counteract depression and
anxiety in 35 middle-aged/elderly (aged 55-75 year) volunteers in a
simple blind assay, showed that the consumption of cereals containing the higher dose in tryptophan
increased sleep efficiency, actual sleep time, immobile time, and
decreased total nocturnal activity, sleep fragmentation index, and sleep
latency. Urinary 6-sulfatoxymelatonin, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid
levels, and urinary total antioxidant capacity also increased
respectively after tryptophan-enriched cereal ingestion as well as
improving anxiety and depression symptoms. Cereals enriched with
tryptophan may be useful as a chrononutrition tool for alterations in
the sleep/wake cycle due to age(10).
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Sources
(8) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11115737
(9) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11600542
(10) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22622709
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