Magnesium
Magnesium is the eleventh most abundant element by mass in the human
body. The adult body content is 25 g distributed in the skeleton and
soft tissues. The chemical is essential in manipulating important
biological polyphosphate such as ATP, DNA, and RNA and in functionming
enzymes(a).
Magnesium and Type II diabetes
1. High dietary magnesium intake is associated with low insulin resistance in the Newfoundland population
In the study to investigate the association between magnesium
intake and IR in normal-weight (NW), overweight (OW) and obese (OB)
along with pre- and post- menopausal women, showed that subjects with
the highest intakes of dietary magnesium had the lowest levels of circulating insulin, HOMA-IR, and HOMA-ß and subjects with the lowest intake of dietary magnesium
had the highest levels of these measures, suggesting a dose effect.
Multiple regression analysis revealed a strong inverse association
between dietary magnesium
with IR. In addition, adiposity and menopausal status were found to be
critical factors revealing that the association between dietary magnesium and IR was stronger in OW and OB along with Pre-menopausal women(1).
2. Magnesium intake and risk of type 2 diabetes
In the study to assess the association between magnesium intake and risk of type 2 diabetes with retrieved studies published in any language by systematically searching
MEDLINE from 1966 to February 2007 and by manually examining the
references of the original articles, found that magnesium intake was inversely associated with incidence of type 2 diabetes. This finding suggests that increased consumption of magnesium-rich foods such as whole grains, beans, nuts, and green leafy vegetables may reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes(2).
3. Fiber and magnesium intake and incidence of type 2 diabetes
In the study to examine associations between fiber and magnesium
intake and risk of type 2 diabetes and summarized existing prospective
studies by meta-analysis, found that during 176 117 person-years of
follow-up, we observed 844 incident cases
of type 2 diabetes in the European Prospective Investigation Into Cancer
and Nutrition-Potsdam. Higher cereal fiber intake was inversely
associated with diabetes risk (RR for extreme quintiles, 0.72 [95%
confidence interval [CI], 0.56-0.93]), while fruit fiber (0.89 [95% CI,
0.70-1.13]) and vegetable fiber (0.93 [95% CI, 0.74-1.17]) were not
significantly associated. Meta-analyses showed a reduced diabetes risk
with higher cereal fiber intake (RR for extreme categories, 0.67 [95%
CI, 0.62-0.72]), but no significant associations for fruit (0.96 [95%
CI, 0.88-1.04]) and vegetable fiber (1.04 [95% CI, 0.94-1.15]). Magnesium
intake was not related to diabetes risk in the European Prospective
Investigation Into Cancer and Nutrition-Potsdam (RR for extreme
quintiles, 0.99 [95% CI, 0.78-1.26]); however, meta-analysis showed a
significant inverse association (RR for extreme categories, 0.77 [95%
CI, 0.72-0.84])(3).
4. Dietary calcium and magnesium, major food sources, and risk of type 2 diabetes in U.S. black women
In a a prospective cohort study including 41,186 participants of the Black
Women's Health Study without a history of diabetes who completed
validated food frequency questionnaires at baseline, during 8 years of
follow-up (1995-2003), we documented 1,964 newly diagnosed cases of type
2 diabetes, showed that
a diet high in magnesium-rich foods,
particularly whole grains, is associated with a substantially lower risk
of type 2 diabetes in U.S. black women(4).
5. Serum and dietary magnesium and the risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus
In the study to assess the risk for type 2 diabetes associated with low serum magnesium level and low dietary magnesium
intake in a cohort of nondiabetic middle-aged adults (N = 12,128) from
the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study during 6 years of
follow-up, found that aassessed the risk for type 2 diabetes associated with low serum magnesium level and low dietary magnesium
intake in a cohort of nondiabetic middle-aged adults (N = 12,128) from
the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study during 6 years of
follow-up(5).
6. Associations of serum and urinary magnesium with the pre-diabetes, diabetes and diabetic complications in the Chinese Northeast population
In the study to investigate the association of Mg level in the serum or
urine of the
patients, lived in the Northeast areas of China, with either
pre-diabetes or diabetes with and without complications, from January
2010 to October 2011, patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D, n = 25), type 2
diabetes (T2D, n = 137), impaired fasting glucose (IFG, n = 12) or
impaired glucose tolerance (IGT, n = 15), and age/gender matched control
(n = 50) enrolled in the First Hospital of Jilin University, showed
that serum Mg levels in the patients with IGT, IFG, T2D, and T1D were
significantly lower than that of control. The urinary Mg levels were
significantly increased only in T2D and T1D patients compared to
control. There was no difference for these two changes among T2D with
and without complications; In addition, there was a significantly
positive correlation of serum Mg levels with serum Ca levels only in T2D
patients, and also a significantly positive correlation of urinary Mg
levels with urinary Ca levels in control, IGT patients, and T2D
patients. Simvastatin treatment in T2D patients selectively reduced
serum Ca levels and urinary Mg levels(6).
7. Efficacy and safety of oral magnesium supplementation in the treatment of depression in the elderly with type 2 diabetes
In the study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of oral magnesium supplementation, with magnesium chloride (MgCl2), in the treatment of newly diagnosed depression in the elderly with type 2 diabetes and hypomagnesemia, found that at baseline, there were no differences by age (69 +/- 5.9 and 66.4 +/-
6.1 years, p = 0.39), duration of diabetes (11.8 +/- 7.9 and 8.6 +/- 5.7
years, p = 0.33), serum magnesium
levels (1.3 +/- 0.04 and 1.4 +/- 0.04 mg/dL, p = 0.09), and Yasavage
and Brink Score (17.9 +/- 3.9 and 16.1 +/- 4.5 point, p = 0.34) in the
groups with MgCl2 and imipramine, respectively. At end of follow-up,
there were no significant differences in the Yasavage and Brink score
(11.4 +/- 3.8 and 10.9 +/- 4.3, p = 0.27) between the groups in study;
whereas serum magnesium
levels were significantly higher in the group with MgCl2 (2.1 +/- 0.08
mg/dL) than in the subjects with imipramine (1.5 +/- 0.07 mg/dL), p <
0.0005. In conclusion, MgCl2 is as effective in the treatment of
depressed elderly type 2 diabetics with hypomagnesemia as imipramine 50
mg daily(7).
8. The effect of magnesium supplementation on primary insomnia in elderly
In a double-blind randomized clinical trial conducted in 46 elderly subjects, randomly allocated into the magnesium or the placebo group and received 500 mg magnesium
or placebo daily for 8 weeks with Questionnaires of insomnia severity index
(ISI), physical activity, and sleep log completed at baseline and
after the intervention period, showed that no significant differences were observed in assessed variables between
the two groups at the baseline. As compared to the placebo group, in the
experimental group, dietary magnesium
supplementation brought about statistically significant increases in
sleep time (P = 0.002), sleep efficiency (P = 0.03), concentration of
serum renin (P < 0.001), and melatonin (P = 0.007), and also resulted
in significant decrease of ISI score (P = 0.006), sleep onset latency
(P = 0.02) and serum cortisol concentration (P = 0.008). Supplementation
also resulted in marginally between-group significant reduction in
early morning awakening (P = 0.08) and serum magnesium concentration (P = 0.06). Although total sleep time (P = 0.37) did not show any significant between-group differences(8).
9. Correlation of magnesium intake with metabolic parameters, depression and physical activity in elderly type 2 diabetes patients
In a cross-sectional study involved 210 type 2 diabetes
patients aged 65 years and above with participants were interviewed to
obtain information on lifestyle and 24-hour dietary recall. Assessment
of depression was based on DSM-IV criteria, showed that among all patients, 88.6% had magnesium
intake which was less than the dietary reference intake, and 37.1% had
hypomagnesaemia. Metabolic syndromes and depression were associated with
lower magnesium intake (p < 0.05). A positive relationship was found between magnesium intake and HDL-cholesterol (p = 0.005). Magnesium
intake was inversely correlated with triglyceride, waist circumference,
body fat percent and body mass index (p < 0.005). After controlling
confounding factor, HDL-cholesterol was significantly higher with
increasing quartile of magnesium
intake (p for trend = 0005). Waist circumference, body fat percentage,
and body mass index were significantly lower with increase quartile of magnesium
intake (p for trend < 0.001). The odds of depression, central
obesity, high body fat percentage, and high body mass index were
significantly lower with increasing quartile of magnesium intake (p for trend < 0.05). In addition, magnesium intake was related to high physical activity level and demonstrated lower serum magnesium levels. Serum magnesium was not significantly associated with metabolic parameters(9).
10. Depressive symptoms and hypomagnesemia in older diabetic subjects
In the study to to assess the hypothesis that hypomagnesemia is
associated with depressive symptoms in older people with diabetes,
showed that serum magnesium
levels were significantly lower among depressive than control diabetic
subjects (0.74 +/- 0.25 vs. 0.86 +/- 0.29 mmol/L, p = 0.02). Twenty four
(43.6%) and 7 (12.7%) individuals in the case and control group
exhibited low serum magnesium
levels (p = 0.0006). The adjusted logistic regression analysis showed
an independent association between hypomagnesemia and depressive
symptoms (OR 1.79; CI(95%) 1.1-6.9, p = 0.03)(10).
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Sources
(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23472169
(2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17645588
(3) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17502538
(4) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17003299
(5) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10527292
(6) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23418599
(7) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19271419
(8) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23853635
(9) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22695027
(10) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17845894
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