Anorexia nervosa
Anorexia nervosa is a type of eating disorder usually develop in the
teen years and effect over 90% of female, because of excessive food
restriction and irrational fear to become fat due the wrongly influenced
media as attractiveness is equated to thinness.
The Consequences
In anorexia nervosa because of malnutrition as a result of self
starvation, it can cause abnormal function of the body of that can lead
to serious
medical consequences:
1. Cardiovascular diseases
In the stidy of 181 women: 140 women with anorexia nervosa
(AN) [85 not receiving oral contraceptive pills (OCPs)
(AN-E) and 55 receiving oral contraceptive pills (OCPs)(AN+E)] and 41
healthy controls [28 not
receiving OCPs (HC-E) and 13 receiving OCPs (HC+E)]. Dr. Lawson EA, and
the research team at Harvard Medical School, showed that although hsCRP
levels are lower in AN than healthy controls, OCP use
puts such women at a greater than 20% chance of having high-sensitivity
C-reactive protein (hsCRP), in the
high-Cardiovascular (CV)-risk (>3 mg/liter) category. The elevated mean IL-6 in women
with AN and high-risk hsCRP levels suggests that increased systemic
inflammation may underlie the hsCRP elevation in these patients.
Although OCP use in AN was associated with slightly lower mean LDL and
higher mean HDL, means were within the normal range, and few patients in
any group had high-risk LDL or HDL levels. IGF-I levels appear to be
important determinants of hsCRP in healthy young women(24).
Other researchers suggested that anorexia nervosa can slow heart rate and low blood
pressure, because of badly underweight.
2. Osteoporosis
Badly underweight can increase the risk of Osteoporosis, researchers at
the Uniwersytet Medyczny suggested that the consequences of low energy
fractures are the main causes of death in
women with AN. Hormonal disturbances (e.g. hypoestrogenism, increased
levels of ghrelin and Y peptide, changes in leptin and endocannabinoid
levels), as well as the mechanisms involved in bone resorption
(RANK/RANKL/OPG system), are considered to be of great importance for
anorectic bone quality(25).
3. Muscle dysfunction
Protein-energy malnutrition in anorexia nervosa is an under-recognised cause of muscle dysfunction and weakness. In the study to characterise the skeletal myopathy that occurs in patients with severe anorexia nervosa, muscle
function and structure. All of the patients showed impaired muscle function on strength and exercise measurement(26).
4. Severe dehydration
In the study to investigate the medical history, dental examination, and saliva tests of 39 patients
aged 14 to 42 years, having suffered from AN for periods of 1 to 20
years, showed dental caries, due to excessive carbohydrate consumption,
in all subjects, often in a rampant form. In patients with a history of
intense vomiting (27 cases) severe lingual-occlusal erosion
(perimylolysis) was nearly always present. Buccal erosion, mainly due to
high consumption of acid fruits and drinks to relieve thirst caused by dehydration, was more frequent in vomiting than in non-vomiting patients(27).
5. Fainting, fatigue, and overall weakness
Fainting, fatigue, and overall weakness are expected as patients body
required to conserve energy as protect the body organs due to
malnutrition.
6. Lanugo
Lanugo is the growth of fine, downy hair
on the face and body of anorexics. It's a sign that the body's natural
defenses are at work. Hypertrichosis refers to the amount or length of extra hair that is grown -- to the point of excessive.
At a certain point during the starvation process, some
anorexics may start to notice some fine, white hair on their body.
People may even call it "fur".
It's usually visible on the face first, but it can appear
anywhere on the body, including the back. Extra thick hair is normally
found on the legs.
In women and girls with anorexia, the hair tends appear in
areas where there is typically very little hair growth, such as the
face, chest and back areas(28).
In a register study based on based on socio-economic and health data was
conducted for a national cohort of female residents in Sweden born
between 1968 and 1977, including 748 in-patients with anorexia nervosa. At follow-up 9-14 years after hospital admission, 8.7% of patients with anorexia nervosa
had persistent psychiatric health problems demanding hospital care and
21.4% were dependent on society for their main income; the stratified
relative risks were 5.8 (95% CI 4.7-7.6) and 2.6 (2.3-3.0) respectively,
compared with the general female population(29).
8. Psychoactive substance use and suicide
Anorexia nervosa is a mental disorder
with high mortality. Dr. Papadopoulos FC, and the research team at the
University Hospital, Uppsala, showed that the overall SMR for anorexia nervosa was 6.2 (95% CI 5.5-7.0). Anorexia nervosa,
psychoactive substance use and suicide had the highest SMR. The SMR was
significantly increased for almost all natural and unnatural causes
of death. The SMR 20 years or more after the first hospitalisation
remained significantly high. Lower mortality was found during the last
two decades. Younger age and longer hospital stay at first
hospitalisation was associated with better outcome, and psychiatric and
somatic comorbidity worsened the outcome(30).
9. Reproductive issues
The physical and psychological demands of pregnancy and motherhood can
represent an immense challenge for women already struggling with the
medical and psychological stress of an eating disorder. This article
summarizes key issues related to reproduction in women with anorexia nervosa,
highlighting the importance of preconception counseling, adequate
gestational weight gain, and sufficient pre- and post-natal nutrition.
Postpartum issues including eating disorder symptom relapse, weight loss, breastfeeding, and risk of perinatal depression and anxiety(31)
I would like summarize this section with research from Dt. Miller KK at
Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston
"Despite significant progress in the field, further research is needed
to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the development of anorexia nervosa
and its endocrine complications. Such investigations promise to yield
important advances in the therapeutic approach to this disease as well
as to the understanding of the regulation of endocrine function,
skeletal biology, and appetite regulation" (32).Chinese Secrets To Fatty Liver And Obesity Reversal
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Sources
(24) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17519306
(25) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22161979
(26) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9650756
(27) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14394
(28) http://www.anorexia-reflections.com/lanugo.html#axzz1wVB7hbqL
(29) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17077433
(30) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19118319
(31) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22003362
(32) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21976742
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