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Soybean
is genus Glycine, the family Fabaceae, one of the legumes that contains
twice as much protein per acre as any other major vegetable or grain
crop, native to Southeast Asia. Now, it is grown worldwide with suitable
climate for commercial profit and a a healthy foods.
Nutritional supplements
1. Carbohydrates
2. Dietary fiber
3. Fat
4. Protein
5. Essential amino acid
6. Vitamin A
7. Vitamin B6
8. Vitamin B12
9. Vitamin C
10. Vitamin K
11. Calcium
12. Iron
13. Magnesium
14. Phosphorus
15. Potassium
16. Sodium
17. Zinc
18. Etc.
Health benefits
A. Health Benefits according to studies
1. Insulin sensitive
Soybean helps to normalize plasma glucose and insulin homeostasis, according to "Increased
insulin sensitivity and changes in the expression profile of key
insulin regulatory genes and beta cell transcription factors in
diabetic KKAy-mice after feeding with a soy bean protein rich diet high in isoflavone content" by Nordentoft I, Jeppesen PB, Hong J, Abudula R, Hermansen K.(a)
2. Cardiovascular diseases
Soy
protein reduces reduces the levels of serum lipoprotein, decrease in
low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), total cholesterol (TC),
LDL-C/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C),
triacylglycerol/HDL-C and TC/HDL-Cpostmenopausal women are at risk of
cardiovascular disease, according to "Effects of soy bean on serum paraoxonase 1 activity and lipoproteins in hyperlipidemic postmenopausal women" by Shidfar F, Ehramphosh E, Heydari I, Haghighi L, Hosseini S, Shidfar S.(b)
3. Adipogenesis and Adipolysis
Germinated soy bean protein hydrolysates had an effect on inhibition of lipid storage in adypocites and increasing lipolysis, according to "Effect of Germinated Soybean Protein Hydrolysates on Adipogenesis and Adipolysis in 3T3-L1 Cells" by González-Espinosa de Los Monteros LA, Ramón-Gallegos E, Torres-Torres N, Mora-Escobedo R.(c)
4. Antioxidant effects
Extract from Virginia-grown soybean
seeds had exerted its antioxidant effect when compared for their total
phenolic contents (TPC), oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC),
and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH(*)) scavenging
activities, according to "Comparison of different strategies for soybean antioxidant extraction" by Chung H, Ji X, Canning C, Sun S, Zhou K.(d)
5. Diabetes and hypertension
Soybean phenolic-rich extracts has exerted the inhibitory activities of phenolic-rich extracts from soybean on α-amylase, α-glucosidase and angiotensin I converting enzyme (ACE) activities in vitro, according to "Soybean
phenolic-rich extracts inhibit key-enzymes linked to type 2 diabetes
(α-amylase and α-glucosidase) and hypertension (angiotensin I converting
enzyme) in vitro" by Ademiluyi AO, Oboh G.(e)
6. Etc.
B. Health Benefits according to the concentration
1. Molybdenum
Molybdenum
cofactor is vital for human enzymes, including xanthine oxidase,
sulfite oxidase, and aldehyde oxidase, Deficiency may cause Prenatal brain disruption, according to the study of "Prenatal brain disruption in molybdenum cofactor deficiency" by Carmi-Nawi N, Malinger G, Mandel H, Ichida K, Lerman-Sagie T, Lev D.(1)
2. Tryptophan
Tryptophan
beside is the precosur of serotonin as it is famous in inducing sleep
if it taken in high dose,according to the study of "Improving
the quality of infant sleep through the inclusion at supper of cereals
enriched with tryptophan, adenosine-5'-phosphate, and
uridine-5'-phosphate" by Cubero J, Chanclón B, Sánchez S,
Rivero M, Rodríguez AB, Barriga C.(2), it also enhances the neural
responses cayused by depression, according to the study of "The effects of tryptophan depletion on neural responses to emotional words in remitted depression" by Roiser JP, Levy J, Fromm SJ, Nugent AC, Talagala SL, Hasler G, Henn FA, Sahakian BJ, Drevets WC.(3)
3. Mangannese
It is one of important trace in preventing osteroposis, according to the study of "[Study of estrogen deficiency impact on manganese levels in teeth and mandible of rats after ovariectomy].
[Article in Polish]" by Rahnama M, Błoniarz J, Zareba S, Swiatkowski
W.(4)and regulating blood sugar level, according to the study of "[An inadequate intake of manganese may favour insulin resistance in girls]. [Article in Spanish]" by Rodríguez-Rodríguez E, Bermejo LM, López-Sobaler AM, Ortega RM.(5)
4. Protein
Protein in Soybean is not only beneficial to the cardiovascular diseases, according to the study of "Soy protein, isoflavones, and cardiovascular health: an American Heart Association Science Advisory for professionals from the Nutrition Committee"
by Sacks FM, Lichtenstein A, Van Horn L, Harris W, Kris-Etherton P,
Winston M; American Heart Association Nutrition Committee(6), but also
plays an important role in treating diabetes, according to "Effects of soy protein
and isoflavones on glycemic control and insulin sensitivity: a 6-mo
double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial in postmenopausal
Chinese women with prediabetes or untreated early diabetes" by Liu ZM, Chen YM, Ho SC, Ho YP, Woo J.(7)
5. Etc.
C. Other health benefits
1. Aspartic acid
Aspartic
acid not only helps to protect the body from drug toxicity and
radiation, it also plays an essential role for the brain in information
transmitting across the synapse, thus enhancing the learning and memory
mechanism, according to the study of "Disinhibition-Mediated LTP in the
Hippocampus is Synapse Specific" by Ormond J, Woodin MA., posted in PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21954377
2. Histidine
Histidine
plays an important role in promoting white and red blood cells, thus
increasing the immune system in fight against forming of free radical
and reducing the risk anemia., according to the study of "The role of histidine in the anemia of folate deficiency" by Cooperman JM, Lopez R., posted in PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12486209), researchers concluded that concluded that folate deficiency causes histidine depletion through increased urinary excretion of this amino acid. Feeding histidine replenishes tissue levels of histidine, resulting in hemoglobin regeneration. Folic acid administration results in return of histidine to normal urinary levels. Thus, a combination of folic acid histidine would be beneficial for folate deficient individuals.
3. Serine
As
an amino acid, serine in soybean not only helps to maintain proper
muscle build up by synthesizing fatty acids and proteins, it also is
important for brain in to transport information between themselves and
cells in other parts of the body, according to the study of "Transport
systems of serine at the brain barriers and in brain parenchymal cells" by Kasai Y, Tachikawa M, Hirose S, Akanuma S, Hosoya K., posted in PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21592122)
4. Alanine
Alanine not only is essential in production of energy in glucose synthesis (according to the study ofGlucose and insulin effects on the novo amino acid synthesis in young men: studies with stable isotope labeled alanine, glycine, leucine, and lysine" by Robert JJ, Bier DM, Zhao XH, Matthews DE, Young VR., posted in PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6815417) it also enhances the immune system in production of anti bodies., according to the study of "The immune
response of tetraparental mice to two synthetic amino acid polymers:
"high-conjugation" 2,4 dinitrophenyl-glutamic acid57-lysine38-alanine5
(DNP-GLA5) and glutamic acid60 alanine30 tyrosine10 (GAT10)" by Warner CM, Fitzmaurice M, Maurer PH, Merryman CF, Schmerr MJ., posted in The Journey of Immunology (http://www.jimmunol.org/content/111/6/1887)
5. Isoleucine
Another
animo acid helps to maintain the body tissues and store glycogen in
muscles thereby reducing the risk of muscle breaking down during
physical activity., according to the study of "Isoleucine,
a potent plasma glucose-lowering amino acid, stimulates glucose uptake
in C2C12 myotubes" by Doi M, Yamaoka I, Fukunaga T, Nakayama M., posted
in PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14651987), researchers that isoleucine
stimulates the insulin-independent glucose uptake in skeletal muscle
cells, which may contribute to the plasma glucose-lowering effect of isoleucine in normal rats.
6. Etc.
Side effect1. Toxicity
Raw soybeans, including the immature green form, are toxic.
2. Etc.
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Sources
(a) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18522411
(b) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18608549
(c)
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Effect%20of%20Germinated%20Soybean%20Protein%20Hydrolysates%20on%20Adipogenesis%20and%20Adipolysis%20in%203T3-L1%20Cells
(d) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20302378
(e) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22005499
(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21285035
(2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19925721
(3) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19539268
(4) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12870295
(5) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22072339
(6) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16418439
(7) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20335543
Health Researcher and Article Writer. Expert in Health Benefits of Foods, Herbs, and Phytochemicals. Master in Mathematics & Nutrition and BA in World Literature and Literary criticism. All articles written by Kyle J. Norton are for information & education only.
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