Coffee in Reduced Overall Risk of Cancers, Studies Found

Kyle J. Norton

The California judge ruled  that some coffee sellers were required to brand the beverage with cancer warning labels due to containing acrylamide, a chemical compound in the a list of chemicals in facilitated cause of cancer or reproductive harm.

According to the national cancer institute, acrylamide to be reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen, based on studies in laboratory animals given acrylamide in drinking water.

Acrylamide, a chemical substance used primarily to make polyacrylamide and acrylamide copolymers. has been included in that list since 1990.

Acrylamide (AA) is classified as a Group 2A carcinogen according to the International Agency for Research on Cancer, but  coffee only contains a small amount of AA.

However, according to Dr. Wierzejska R,  " The former (coffee) include polyphenols which inhibit harmful oxidation processes in the body, while the latter (coffee) include acrylamide, whose high intake in daily diet may have carcinogenic action" and "According to the current state of knowledge, coffee consumption is not associated with the majority of cancers although the results of studies on bladder and lung cancer remain conflicting" and "In case of colorectal, liver and breast cancers, coffee drinking may even have a protective effect" and "Coffee contains numerous compounds, potentially beneficial as well as harmful.

Contentiously, the author suggested that the impact of coffee on the human body is associated also with other factors, e.g. the rate of metabolism and other individual features.

Further more, according to the reviewed available evidence on coffee drinking and the risk of all cancers and selected cancers updated to May 2016 by the University of Milan with pooled relative risk (RR) for an increment of 1 cup of coffee/day of 1.00 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.99-1.01] for all cancers
*. Coffee drinking is associated with a reduced risk of liver cancer and an increment of consumption of 1 cup/day is also associated to reduced risk of 0.85 (95% CI: 0.81-0.90) for liver cancer and a favorable effect on liver enzymes and cirrhosis.

*. Another meta-analysis showed an inverse relation for endometrial cancer risk, with an RR of 0.92 (95% CI: 0.88-0.96) for an increment of 1 cup/day.

* A possible decreased risk was found in some studies for oral/pharyngeal cancer and for advanced prostate cancer.

* Although data are mixed, overall, there seems to be some favorable effect of coffee drinking on colorectal cancer in case-control studies, in the absence of a consistent relation in cohort studies.

* For bladder cancer, the results are not consistent; however, any possible direct association is not dose and duration related, and might depend on a residual confounding effect of smoking.

* A few studies suggest an increased risk of childhood leukemia after maternal coffee drinking during pregnancy, but data are limited and inconsistent.

* Although the results of studies are mixed, the overall evidence suggests no association of coffee intake with cancers of the stomach, pancreas, lung, breast, ovary, and prostate overall. 

* Data are limited, with RR close to unity for other neoplasms, including those of the esophagus, small intestine, gallbladder and biliary tract, skin, kidney, brain, thyroid, as well as for soft tissue sarcoma and lymphohematopoietic cancer.

Moreover, the above analysis also were supported by the University of California in the examine the epidemiologic evidence, consisting of over 500 papers relating the consumption of coffee to cancer of various sites, has accumulated up to date.

Researchers at the end of the investigation suggested that
* For hepatocellular and endometrial cancers, there appears to be a strong and consistent protective association; for colorectal cancer, the direction of association is borderline protective.
*There appears to be no association with breast, pancreatic, kidney, ovarian, prostate, or gastric cancer.
* Risk of bladder cancer appears to be associated with heavy coffee consumption in some populations and among men.
*The associations with childhood leukemia and mother's consumption of coffee were ambiguous-with some suggestion of risk at high levels of daily consumption.

Finally, in the search of MEDLINE, EMBASE, Science Citation Index Expanded and bibliographies of retrieved articles including prospective cohort studies in reported relative risks (RRs) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of various cancers with respect to frequency of coffee intake, scientists found that 

* In compared to individuals who did not or seldom drink coffee per day, the pooled RR of cancer was 0.87 (95% CI, 0.82-0.92) for regular coffee drinkers, 0.89 (0.84-0.93) for low to moderate coffee drinkers, and 0.82 (0.74-0.89) for high drinkers based on results of 59 studies, consisting of 40 independent cohorts, met the inclusion criteria.

* Overall, an increase in consumption of 1 cup of coffee per day was associated with a 3% reduced risk of cancers (RR, 0.97; 95% CI, 0.96-0.98).

* In subgroup analyses, coffee drinking was associated with a reduced risk of bladder, breast, buccal and pharyngeal, colorectal, endometrial, esophageal, hepatocellular, leukemic, pancreatic, and prostate cancers.

Taken together, the judge is right in the following logic, Acrylamide induces risk of cancers, coffee contains Acrylamide, coffee induces risk of cancers, without taking into account of other factors.

However, if you look into the big and broader pictures and take into account of other major active phytochemicals, coffee processes tons of health benefits, including reducing overall risks of cancer.

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Sources
(1) Coffee and cancer risk: a summary overview by Alicandro G1, Tavani A, La Vecchia C.(PubMed)
(2) Coffee consumption and risk of cancers: a meta-analysis of cohort studies by Yu X1, Bao Z, Zou J, Dong J.(PubMed)
(3) Coffee consumption vs. cancer risk - a review of scientific data by Wierzejska R1.(PubMed)
(4) Epidemiologic evidence on coffee and cancer.by Arab L1.