Dementia
Human aging is a biological process, no one can stop, but delay it. It is
possible that one person looks younger than his or her biological if engages
in healthy living life style and eating healthily by increasing the intake of
good healthy food such as whole grain, fruits, vegetables, beans and legumes,
etc. and reducing the consumption of harmful foods, such as saturated fat, trans
fat, artificial ingredients, etc.. About 5-8% of all people over the age of 65 have
some form of dementia, and this number doubles every five years above that age.
Dementia is the loss of mental ability that is severe enough to interfere with
people's every life and Alzheimer's disease is the most common type of dementia
in aging people
Causes of Dementia
B. Free radical causes of dementia
B.1. Alzheimer’s disease
1. Free radical and Alzheimer’s disease
Free radicals causes Alzheimer’s disease is well defined in many researches.
In a study of protein oxidation in the brain in Alzheimer's disease by
using immunohistochemistry and two-dimensional fingerprinting of oxidatively
modified proteins (two-dimensional Oxyblot) together to investigate protein
carbonyl formation in the Alzheimer's disease brain, researchers found that
oxidative stress-induced injury may involve the selective modification of
different intracellular proteins may lead to the neurofibrillary degeneration of
neurons in the brain. (source)
2. Antioxidants and Alzheimer’s disease
a. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)
Researchers found
that DHA increases phosphatidylserine, a naturally occurring component found in
every cell membrane of the body and improves the memory of animals with
Alzheimer's disease by suppressing oxidative damage in the brain.
b. Vitamin E
In a study, researcher found that vitamin E, and
drugs that reduce generalized inflammation, may slow the decline of mental and
physical abilities in people with Alzheimer's disease (AD) over the long term.
Also vitamin E inhibits cells damage and cells death caused by beta-amyloid,
which is toxic to brain cells.
c. PhosphatidylserineIn one
double-blind, placebo-controlled study, patients who had Alzheimer’s disease who
took 300 milligrams per day (mg/day) of phosphatidylserine scored significantly
better on standardized memory tests at the end of the 12-week trial period than
patients who received placebo.
d. Antioxidants
Antioxidant are
found at much lower levels for patients with Alzheimer’s disease, such as serum of vitamin A, C, E,
zinc and transfferin.
e. Muscarinic cholinergic receptors
researchers
found that Alzheimer’s disease patients exhibit
the significant loss of muscarinic cholinergic receptors neurons that cause the
reduced volume of neural transmission leading to the loss of memory.
f. Etc.
B.2. Parkinson's disease
1. Free radicals and Parkinson's disease
Researcher found that patients
with Parkinson's disease have low levels of polyunsaturated fat in the substania
nigra than other part of the brain, but higher levels of lipid peroxidation as
indication of higher levels of malonaldehyde. Also patients with the disease
found to contain waste pigments of lipofusion and other polymers in the neurons
where dopamine is most active.
2.
Antioxidants and Parkinson's disease
Antioxidants play an vital role
for patients with Parkinson's disease, as researchers found the prohression of
the disease accompany with reduction of antioxidants in the affected parts of
the brain.
a. Superoxide dismutase
Researcher found that the progression
of the disease may be associated with the decrease levels of superoxide
dismutase, a antioxidant enzyme.
b. NADH ubiquinone
reductase
Researcher found that the levels of NADH ubiquinone reductase is
decreased in the substania nigra due to its inhibitors, leading to apoptosis,
but can be retreated with antioxidants Nacetylcysteine and alpha lipoic
acid.
c. Uric acid
Researchers at the University of Hawaii recently
reported that people with a high blood level of the natural antioxidant uric
acid have a lower risk of developing Parkinson's disease than do people with
lower levels, but high levels of uric acid increases the risk of kidney diseases
and gout.
d. Vitamin C
Vitamin C is one of powerful and effective
antioxidant in scavenging hydroxyl radicals as it enters the cerebrospinal fluid
thus protecting against Parkinson's disease or slowing down the progression of
the disease.
e. Glutathione
Researcher found that glutathoine is one
of the antioxidant which can help to deactivate the harmful product HNE of lipid
peroxidation.
f. Etc.
B.3. Multiple Sclerosis
1. Free radicals and Multiple Sclerosis
a. The DeVine theory suggested that free radical
activity is a contributory factors in MS, theory suggestive that immune system
and free radical cooperation cause the generation of in the myelin itself that
deteriorates the myelin shealts.
b. Cooper theory went on step further by
suggested that free radicals actually initiate MS, by damaging the myelin,
leading to initiating and promoting of activity of T-cells.
c.
Etc.
4. Antioxidants and Multiple
sclerosis
Antioxidants can help protect the neural tissue from
damage that reduce the risk of inflammation result in lessening the risk of
oxidative stress.
a. TNFalpha
An imflammatory cytokine has been associated
with MS is inhibited by antioxidants of green tea, and others such as curcumin,
quercetin, etc.
b. Melatonin
Melatonin functions as an antioxidant and
has the ability to protect neurons from free radicals cause of lipid
peroxidation.
c Selenium
Some studied found that the levels of
selenium in the blood of people with MS was lower than in that of people without
MS.
d. Niacin
Niacin acts as antioxidant is a key to the successful
treatment of multiple sclerosis, researchers at Harvard Medical School found
that Niacin profoundly prevents the degeneration of demyelinated axons and
improves the behavioral deficits.
e. Vitamin D
A study published in a
recent issue of the journal Neurology, the group receiving the vitamin D
demonstrated a remarkable 41 percent reduction in new MS events with no
meaningful side effects.
f. Etc.
B.4. Lou Gehrig's disease
1. Free radicals and Lou Gehrig's disease
Researchers found that
glutamate in the synapses enhances the production of free radicals compounds
only in motor nerve cells but spares other nerve cells such as cells control
senses and other body functions, causing to more production of free radicals and
leading to disrupting of the surrounding support cells, called astrocytes, which
regulate glutamate levels.
2.
Antioxidants and Lou Gehrig's disease
a. Vitamin B12
(methylcobalamin)
Researcher found that high doses of vitamin B12 (25 mg) as
an antioxidant have been shown to improve or slow muscle wasting in the later
stages of patients with ALS disease.
b. Vitamin E
Vitamin E beside helps to protect cell
membranes from lipid peroxidation damage that reduce the risk of breakdown of
the cell membrane, causing ALS.
c. Superoxide
dismutase enzyme
Research found that mutations in the superoxide dismutase enzyme can
increase the risk ALS in catalyzing the dismutation of superoxide into oxygen and hydrogen
peroxide.
d. Cerebral cortex
Researcher found that oxidative protein
damage and DNA alternation were found in elevating levels in the cerebral cortex
of those with sporadic ALS.
e. Amino acids
study found that diet high
in amino acids as antioxidants have shown some promising effect in treating
ALS.
f. Etc.
B.5. Etc.
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