Tocopherols, an Effective Adjunct Therapy Against Drug-Resistant Cancer Cells

By Kyle J. Norton

Cancer is the class of diseases associated with the growth of the cells disorderly and uncontrollably due to the alternation of DNA.

Most cases of cancer begin in the cells on the surface of the inner lining tissues of the organ or gland. At the early stage, most cancers are asymptomatic.

However, at the advanced stage, most cancers not can induce common symptoms such as gastrointestinal discomforts, unintended weight loss, loss of appetite and fatigue but also localized symptoms depending on the affected tissues and organs.

Cancers at this stage also can travel a distance away from the original site to induce secondary metastasis.

According to the statistics provided by the American cancer society, in 2018,1,735,350 new cases were diagnosed, representing more than 4,700 new cancer diagnoses each day.

The lifetime probability of being diagnosed with cancer is 39.7% for men and 37.6% for women.

Chemotherapy resistance is the resistance of cancerous) cells to allow them to cancer cells to survive and grow despite anti-cancer therapies.

Multiple drug resistance of cancer cells is a type of cancer cell that resistance to multiple drugs.

An article from Chemocare suggested the possible reasons for chemotherapy resistance:

"* Some of the cells that are not killed by the chemotherapy mutate (change) and become resistant to the drug. Once they multiply, there may be more resistant cells than cells that are sensitive to chemotherapy.

* Gene amplification. A cancer cell may produce hundreds of copies of a particular gene. This gene triggers an overproduction of a protein that renders the anticancer drug ineffective.

* Cancer cells may pump the drug out of the cell as fast as it is going in using a molecule called p-glycoprotein.

* Cancer cells may stop taking in the drugs because the protein that transports the drug across the cell wall stops working.

* The cancer cells may learn how to repair the DNA breaks caused by some anti-cancer drugs.

* Cancer cells may develop a mechanism that inactivates the drug".

Tocopherols are phytochemicals of which many have vitamin E activity, belonging to the group of Lipids, found abundantly in butter, egg yolk, milk fat, some vegetable, and seed or nut oils, etc.

On finding a potential phytochemical for the treatment of chronic diseases, researchers examined the effect of two novel α-tocopheryl-lipoic acid conjugates (TL1 and TL2) that form stable nanovesicles synthesized for the anticancer drug, doxorubicin (DOX), delivery. Both conjugates were able to form stable nanovesicles.

According to the analysis,
* The encapsulation efficiency similar to those of commonly used anticancer drug, doxorubicin (DOX), in nanovesicles was found to be ∼60% and ∼55% for TL1 and TL2, respectively (TL1-DOX and TL2-DOX).

* The cumulative drug (DOX) release from DOX-encapsulated nanovesicles in response to biological reducing agent glutathione (GSH) was ∼50% and ∼40% for TL1-DOX and TL2-DOX, respectively, over a period of 10 h.

* Furthermore, both TL1-DOX and TL2-DOX delivered the anticancer drug, doxorubicin (DOX), across the DOX-sensitive and DOX-resistant HeLa (HeLa-DOXR) cells in an efficient manner and significantly more efficaciously than the drug alone treatments, especially in HeLa-DOXR cells.

Moreover, the nanovesicle mediated DOX treatment also showed significantly higher cell death when compared to DOX alone treatment in HeLa-DOXR cells.

After talking about other factors into account, researchers said, "we present biocompatible and responsive nanovesicles for efficacious drug delivery to drug-sensitive and drug-resistant cancer cells".

Taken altogether, tocopherols may be considered an adjunct therapy in the treatment of drug-resistant cancer, pending to the confirmation of the larger sample size and multicenter human study.

Intake of tocopherols in the form of supplements should be taken with extreme care to prevent overdose acute liver toxicity.


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Author Biography
Kyle J. Norton (Scholar, Master of Nutrition, All right reserved)
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published online, including worldwide health, ezine articles, article base, health blogs, self-growth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bioscience, ISSN 0975-6299.

Sources
(1) Reduction Responsive Nanovesicles Derived from Novel α-Tocopheryl-Lipoic Acid Conjugates for Efficacious Drug Delivery to Sensitive and Drug-Resistant Cancer Cells by Maiti B1,2, Kumar K1,2, Moitra P1,2, Kondaiah P1,2, Bhattacharya S. (PubMed)
(2) Chemotherapy Resistance by Chemocare