Herbal Devil's Club Processes Anti-Inflammatory Property

By Kyle J. Norton

Anti-inflammation is a process that inhibits the pro-inflammatory cytokines without affecting the immune system activity against pathogens.

Acute inflammation is a natural response of the immune system to protect the human body against harmful stimuli and pathogens.

Acute information is the first phase of injection. At this phase, after sensing the body injury by the central nervous system, the immune first line of defense stimulates the production of blood platelets to the cover the site of damage and pro-inflammatory to kill off pathogens that try to enter the body through the wound or damaged tissue.

Acute inflammation usually receded after a few days or weeks, depending on the size and damage. However, if all pathogens were not eradicated after 3 to 8 weeks, the immune system will compromise, leading to chronic low-grade inflammation, a leading cause of chronic illness.

The most common symptoms of acute inflammation occurred with a short period of time such as hours is pain, redness, immobility, swelling, and heat.

Conventionally, depending on the types of acute inflammation, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) may be prescribed to alleviate the pain by counteracting an enzyme that contributes to inflammation.

Chronic inflammation is a low-grade inflammation caused by the inability of the immune system to eliminate the invasive pathogens that occurred in the acute phase of infection.

Any inflammation that lasts more than 8 weeks is considered chronic inflammation.

Believe it or not, worldwide, 3 of 5 death are results from chronic inflammatory diseases like stroke, chronic respiratory diseases, heart disorders, cancer, obesity, and diabetes.

In the US, chronic inflammatory diseases affect more than 50 million Americans each year.

Devil's Club is a large shrub, genus Oplopanax, belonging to the family Aralioideae, native to the cool moist forests of western North America. 

The herb has been used in traditional and herbal medicine as Adaptogen, Antipyretic, Pain Reliever, Antitussive, Antibacterial agent and to treat Arthritis, Diabetes, Colds, Cough, Sore throat, Chest congestion, Stomach pain, Constipation, Gall stones, Influenza, Cancer, etc.

On finding a potential compound for the treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases, scientists examined the antioxidative stress activity of the ethanolic extracts of the devil's club (Oplopanax horridus) leaves, stems, and roots.

Based on the chemical differentiation, 

* The leaf extract had higher total phenolic and flavonoid contents and anti-oxidative activity (radical scavenging, reducing power, and inhibition of lipid oxidation) compared to the root and stem extracts.

* The leaf extract also had anti-inflammatory effects against the activation of proteins associated with the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced nitric oxide (NO; 71.0% at 50 μg/mL), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α (87.6% at 100 μg/mL), and interleukin (IL)-6 (36.2% at 100 μg/mL) in the murine RAW 264.7 macrophages.

* Furthermore, LPS-induced inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression was also decreased by the leaf extract at the concentration of IC50=24.4 μg/mL.

* The major compounds that exert the aforementioned inhibition was attributed to the expression of gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, chlorogenic acid, and maltol.

Collectively, researchers wrote, " leaf extract could be utilized as a functional food material because of its anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory activities".

Taken altogether, coltsfoot may be considered a remedy for the protection of inflammatory diseases induced by oxidative stress, pending to the confirmation of the larger sample size and multicenter human study.

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Author Biography
Kyle J. Norton (Scholar, Master of Nutrition, All right reserved)
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published online, including worldwide health, ezine articles, article base, health blogs, self-growth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bioscience, ISSN 0975-6299.

Sources
(1) Anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory activities of devil's club (Oplopanax horridus) leaves by Jang M1,2, Lee YC1, Hong HD1, Rhee YK1, Lim TG1, Kim KT1, Chen F3, Kim HJ4, Cho CW. (PubMed)