Phytochemical Quercetin Isolated from Onion Inhibits Parameters Involved in Oral cancer Developing

By Kyle J. Norton

Oral cancer is a medical condition of malignant cell growth in the tissue located in the oral cavity, including the tissue of the lips or the tongue, cheek lining, floor of the mouth, gums (gingiva) and the roof of the mouth (palate).

Most common types of oral cancer are 

* Squamous cell carcinoma

Squamous cell carcinoma is one of the most common types of oral cancer accounting over 90% of all cases and arisen from the squamous cell layer in the lining of the oral cavity and oropharynx.

* Verrucous carcinoma
The low grade and rarely spread verrucous carcinoma is accounted for only approximately 5% of all cases. The cancer can spread deeply into the surrounding tissue.

* Minor salivary gland cancers
The cancer is originated from the salivary gland accounted for less than 1% of all cases.

According to the statistics, approximately, 53,000 Americans will be diagnosed with oral or oropharyngeal cancer in 2019. 

The disease also causes the death of over 9,750 patients, roughly 1 person per hour, 24 hours per day.

The grades of oral cancer are depending on the tendency of spreading.  Low-grade cancers usually grow more slowly and are less likely to spread while high-grade cancer indicates otherwise. 

The 5-year survival rate of the localized stage of oral cancer is 84%. However, If cancer has spread to surrounding tissues or organs and/or the regional lymph nodes, the overall 5-year survival rate is 65%.

The survival rate is even lower (39%) If cancer has spread to a distant part of the body,

The onion is a plant in the genus Allium, belongings to the family Alliaceae, a close relation of garlic. It is often called the "king of vegetables" because of its pungent taste and found in a large number of recipes and preparations spanning almost the totality of the world's cultures. 

Depending on the variety, an onion can be sharp, spicy, tangy, pungent, mild or sweet.

In the urgency to find a potential compound for the treatment of oral cancer, researchers investigated the potential effects of quercetin, a principal flavonoid compound in onions anti-oral cancer activities.

On SAS human oral cancer cells, quercetin significantly reduced wound closure of SAS cells in culture plates after 12- and 24-h treatments.

Quercetin inhibited the expression and activity of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 that promotes cancer cell growth and proliferation and (MMP)-9 involved in cancer cells angiogenesis and metastasis. 

Additionally, quercetin also inhibited the proteins associated with the promotion of forming new blood vessel in SAS human oral cancer cells.

Furthermore, quercetin also blocked the expression of enzymes associated with the pathogenesis of many solid tumors through its inflammatory activation.

Moreover, proteins involved in cellular interactions with the extracellular matrix that cause tumor initiation, progression, and metastasis were also inhibited by the injection of quercetin.

More importantly, quercetin also exhibited the gene expression of tumor suppression such as P53 and apoptosis. 

In other words, quercetin protects the oral cells by blocking the proteins involved in the signaling expression of tumor initiation, progression, and metastasis such as Ras homolog gene family, member A (RhoA) and protein kinase C (PKC).

Taken altogether, onion may be considered a remedy for the prevention and treatment of oral cancer, pending to the confirmation of the larger sample size and multicenter human study.

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Author Biography
Kyle J. Norton (Scholar, Master of Nutrition, All right reserved)
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published online, including worldwide health, ezine articles, article base, health blogs, self-growth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bioscience, ISSN 0975-6299.

Sources
(1) Quercetin inhibits migration and invasion of SAS human oral cancer cells through inhibition of NF-κB and matrix metalloproteinase-2/-9 signaling pathways by Lai WW1, Hsu SC, Chueh FS, Chen YY, Yang JS, Lin JP, Lien JC, Tsai CH, Chung JG. (PubMed)
(2) Mouth ( Oral Cancer) Cancer by Kyle J. Norton