Phytochemical Lycopene Inhibits Hyperproliferation In Gastric Epithelial Cells

By Kyle J. Norton

Hyperproliferation is a progression of highly invasive tumor associated with an abnormally high rate of cancer cells division, leading to rapid overgrowth of the tumor.

Gastric cancer or stomach cancer is a medical condition caused by irregular cell growth of the inner lining tissues of the stomach.

Most cancer of gastric start in the cells on the inner lining of the stomach before penetrating into deeper layers.

At the advanced stage, cancerous gastric cells can also travel a distance away to an alternate DNA of healthy cells, leading a secondary metastasis.

According to the statistics provided by the Canadian Cancer Society, In 2017, approximately  3,500 Canadians were diagnosed with stomach cancer, and gastric cancer also caused the death of 2,100 including 1,300 women and 790 men.

There are major types of gastric cancer
*Adenocarcinoma, accounting to over 90% of gastric cancer diagnosed each year is a type of cancer developed in the innermost lining of the stomach (the mucosa).

* Lymphoma is a type of cancer associated with the immune system found in the wall of the stomach. 

Most common symptoms of gastric cancer are heartburn or indigestion, abdominal pain or vague discomfort in the abdomen, usually above the navel and a sense of fullness in the upper abdomen after eating a small meal accompanied by the general symptoms shared by other types of cancer.

In severe cases, if the oversize tumor has pressed on the nearby blood vessel, patients may experience the symptom of vomiting blood.

Out of many prevalent factors involved in the cancer onset, some researchers suggested the promotion of the Western diet may have a strong and negative implication on the cancer occurrence in North America.

Dr. Bertuccio P, the lead scientist wrote, "An unfavorable role on GC emerged for the 'Western/unhealthy' dietary pattern, with an OR of 1.51 (95% CI: 1.21-1.89). This association was weaker for the distal/NOS (not otherwise specified) category (OR = 1.36) compared with the cardia GC (OR = 2.05). Among the a priori scores, the ORs ranged from 0.2 to 0.7 for the favorable and from 1.8 to 6.9 for the unfavorable ones".

And, "There is a ~2-fold difference in GC risk between a 'Prudent/healthy' diet-rich in fruits and vegetables, and a 'Western/unhealthy' diet-rich in starchy foods, meat, and fats".

Lycopene is a phytochemical in the class of carotenoid, a natural pigment with no vitamin A activity found abundantly in tomatoes and other red fruits and vegetables, such as red carrots, watermelons, and papayas,

Tomatoes provide about 80% of the lycopene in the world diet. In plants, lycopene protects the host against excessive photodamage and performs various functions in photosynthesis.

With an aim to find a potential compound for the treatment of invasive gastric cancer, researchers examined the lycopene effect on Helicobacter pylori (H pylori) colonized human stomach in the risk of gastric cancer.

According to the tested differentiation, injection lycopene reduced ROS levels by inhibiting Jak1/Stat3 activation associated with increased levels of proinflammatory cytokines, alteration of Wnt/β-catenin multiprotein signal in induced cells proliferation, and differentiation.

Furthermore, the levels of ROS also are decreased observed by the inhibition of c-Myc, a protein which plays a critical role in cellular growth regulation and cellular metabolism and cyclin E in cell duplication and cell proliferation in H pylori-infected AGS cells, derived from an adenocarcinoma of the stomach.

In other words, lycopene protects the gastric cell by constraining the expression of ROS through several aforementioned mechanisms.

Based on the findings, researchers said, " Lycopene might be a potential and promising nutrient for preventing H pylori-associated gastric diseases including gastric cancer".

Furthermore, according to the results of HGC-27 cells which were treated with varying concentration lycopene for 24, 48, 72,
* Lycopene displayed antiproliferative activity in HGC-27 cell lines.

* Lycopene inhibited HGC-27 by enhancing the protein LC3 which is essential for cancer cell autophagy and p-ERK proteins expression that impaired regeneration of intracellular antioxidants.

Furthermore, in gastric cancer nude mice model, lycopene treatment also significantly decreased tumor weight or tumor proliferation.

Taken altogether, lycopene may be considered supplements for the prevention and treatment of gastric cancer, pending on the confirmation of the larger sample size and multicenter human study.

Intake of lycopene in the form of supplement should be taken with extreme care to prevent overdose acute liver toxicity.

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Author Biography
Kyle J. Norton (Scholar, Master of Nutrition, All right reserved)
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published online, including worldwide health, ezine articles, article base, health blogs, self-growth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bioscience, ISSN 0975-6299.

Sources
(1) Lycopene treatment inhibits activation of Jak1/Stat3 and Wnt/β-catenin signaling and attenuates hyperproliferation in gastric epithelial cells byPark B1, Lim JW2, Kim H. (PubMed)
(2) INHIBITORY EFFECT OF LYCOPENE AGAINST THE GROWTH OF HUMAN GASTRIC CANCER CELLS by Zhou S1, Zhang R1, Bi T1, Lu Y1, Jiang L. (PubMed)
(3) Dietary patterns and gastric cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis by Bertuccio P1, Rosato V, Andreano A, Ferraroni M, Decarli A, Edefonti V, La Vecchia C. (PubMed)