By Kyle J. Norton
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and
research papers have been written and published on line, including
world wide health, ezine articles, article base, healthblogs,
selfgrowth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by
Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington
Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as
international journal Pharma and Bio science, ISSN 0975-6299.
Soy foods, including tofu have been in traditional Chinese diet over
thousands of year, according to Chinese literature. The reduced risk of
chronic disease, including metabolic syndrome such as cardiovascular
diseases, obesity and diabetes and lesser menopause symptoms in advanced
age, may be aided by eating a lot of soy food accompanied with large
portion of vegetables and fruits. Indeed, according to the study, only
10% of women in the East are experience symptoms of menopause in
advanced age compared to over 70% of their Western counterparts.
According to Dr. Mark Messina, Ph.D., Soy foods contributed from 6.5%8
to 12.8%7 of total protein intake in older adult in Japan.(b)
The approval of cardiovascular benefit of soy by FDA in 1999 accompanied
with the discovery of health benefits in clinical studies over past
decade, prompted the promotion and advertisement of soy's health
benefits in every aspect in Western society. Evidences could be seen by
walking through the supermarkets and drug stores. Soy supplements and
products such as tofu, soy milk, soy-based infant formula, and
meatless “texturized vegetable protein” burgers were widely available.
According to the United Soybean Board’s 2004–2005, 25% of Americans
consume soy foods or beverages at least once per week, and 74% view soy
products as healthy.
Today, the promotion of soy are no longer existed, it may be results of
discovery of adverse effect in single ingredient and animal studies, as
intake of soy is associated to induce risk certain mammary cancers and
infertility. The publication of the result have drawn many criticisms.
According to Thomas Badger, director and senior investigator at the
Arkansas Children’s Nutrition Center in Little Rock, these effects are
seen only under certain experimental conditions that are not likely to
occur in humans—and therein lies the crux of the debate(a). Equol
(4',7-isoflavandiol), an isoflavandiol metabolized from daidzein may be
the causes, as 90% of Eastern population are equol producers but only
30% in the West.
The explanation of the positive effect of soy isoflavones in reduced
risk of mammary cancers by University of Goettingen may be interesting,
as researchers said" Most importantly, there is dispute as to whether
isoflavones derived from soy or red clover have negative, positive or any effect at all on the mammary gland or endometrium. It is beyond any doubt that soy products may have cancer
preventing properties in a variety of organs including the mammary
gland. However, these properties may only be exerted if the developing
organ was under the influence of isoflavones during childhood and
puberty.
Soybean, the genus Glycine, belonging to the family Fabaceae, one of
the legumes contains twice as much protein per acre than any other
major vegetable or grain crop, native to Southeast Asia. Now, it is
grown worldwide with suitable climate for commercial profits.
Nutrients
1. Carbohydrates
2. Dietary fiber
3. Fat
4. Protein
5. Essential amino acid
6. Vitamin A
7. Vitamin B6
8. Vitamin B12
9. Vitamin C
10. Vitamin K
11. Calcium
12. Iron
13. Magnesium
14. Phosphorus
15. Potassium
16. Sodium
17. Zinc
18. Etc.
Phytochemicals
1. Isoflavones
2. Genistein
3. Saponins
4. Beta-sitosterol
5. Daidzein
I. Soy in Eastern population
A. The Japanese population
Japan, an island nation in the Pacific Ocean, lies to the east of the
Sea of Japan, China, North Korea, South Korea and Russia, stretching
from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Taiwan in
the south(1c). According to Moriyama, Japanese women and men live
longer and healthier than everyone else on Earth, it may be result of
healthier Japanese diet and lifestyle. According to the World Health
Organization, the Japanese have an average of 75 years healthy living
with disability-free, it may be due to average soy intake 10 to 70
times higher than in Western people(1a)(1b).
A5. Soy and menopause symptom in Japan
Menopause is defined as a condition in which women have
not had a menstrual period in a minimum of 12 months period as a result
of the inactive ovaries, assuming the women are not pregnant and
experience the ease of visible symptoms of menopause such as hot
flashes and night sweats but not the invisible effects of menopause.
During post menopause, any bleeding or spotting should be reported to
your doctor immediately, because it may be caused by tumors rarely but it is
possible. Symptoms may include Bleeding or spotting, Vagina itching and
dryness, Hot flash, Bone pain and fracture, Bladder infection, Skin
wrinkle, Hypertension, Bone density loss, etc.
Eppidemiological studies, linking soy effects on menopause symptoms have
been inconclusive(1)(2)(3)(4). In Japanese women, phytochemicals in soy
found effectively in reduced vasomotor symptoms of menopause. In the study of a supplement containing equol on the menopausal symptoms in Japanese, researchers at the Tokyo Medical and Dental University,
showed that the equol-ingesting group, not only significantly reduces
severity and frequency of hot flashes, neck or
shoulder but also exhibited trends of improvement in sweating and
irritability and a significant improvement in the somatic category symptoms(5).
Administration of 10-mg natural S-(-)equol supplement consumed daily
for 12 weeks also indicated an reduction of hot flushes and neck or
shoulder muscle stiffness, in postmenopausal Japanese women(6). And
fermented soy products have been also showed to alleviate the severity of hot flushes(14).
Some researchers
suggested that the effectiveness of soy isoflavone in relieved symptoms
of menopause may link to equol-producing status. In a 1-year
double-blind, randomized trial in comparison of the effects of
isoflavone (75 mg of isoflavone conjugates/day) in
early postmenopausal equol-producer phenotype Japanese women, found that
isoflavones exhibit the preventive effects on bone
loss and fat accumulation in early postmenopausal women, depending on an
individual's equol-producing capacity(7) and S-equol supplement improved mood-related symptoms
in perimenopausal/postmenopausal even in equol nonproducers in Japan
women, in total of 127 participants completed the trial(8).
Soy
isoflavone extracts on testing on lumbar spine or hip BMD in menopausal
women of controlled trials published in English, Japanese, or Chinese,
showed a result of varying effects on spine BMD(9). In compared
the symptom of hot flash and chilliness in menopause women, Dr. Melby
MK. suggested that Japanese women are experience important vasomotor
symptom than hot flushes and sweats, it may be result of dietary high
in soy(10).
In Osteoporosis,
menaquinone-7, the major chemical compound found in Japanese fermented
soybeans, showed to prevent postmenopausal bone loss(11) and promote bone formation(13)(15) as well alleviating early postmenopausal women symptoms,
such as in palpitation and backaches(15). Other study also suggested
that intake of supplementation of isoflavones (ISO) regular associates
to risk reduction of osteoporosis in middle-aged Japanese and menopausal
Japanese women(12).
In fact, according to the study of cross-sectional relationships of dietary and other lifestyle variables to menopause by the Gifu University School of Medicine, such as smoking, calcium and soy product intakes, intakes of fat, cholesterol, and coffee were significantly associated with the onset menopause in Japanese women(16).
Taken
altogether, High soy food intakes are associated to reduce symptoms of
menopause in Japanese women, especially in the major menopausal symptom of chilliness. Intake of supplement
containing equol are effective in symptom reduction even in non equol
producers in these population as well. According to the Royal Hospital
for Women, highest soy consumption in Japan lowered the rates of diseases, including breast, endometrial, colon and prostatic cancers atherosclerotic,
etc. The induced extremely high urinary levels of phytoestrogen
metabolites may be a result of isoflavones in exhibited bioactivity
when intake of high concentrations.(17)
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References
(a) The Science of Soy: What Do We Really Know? by Julia R. Barrett
(b) Guideline for healthy soy intake(the Unite Soybean board)
(1c) Japan, Wikipedia
(1a) Erdman JW Jr. AHA Science Advisory: soy protein and cardiovascular
disease: a statement for healthcare professionals from the Nutrition
Committee of the AHA. Circulation. 2000; 102: 2555–2559
(Soy protein and cardiovascular disease)
(1b) van der Schouw YT, Kreijkamp-Kaspers S, Peeters PH, Keinan-Boker L,
Rimm EB, Grobbee DE. Prospective study on usual dietary phytoestrogen
intake and cardiovascular disease risk in Western women. Circulation.
2005; 111: 465–471(Cardiovascular diseases in women)
(1) S-equol and the fermented soy product
SE5-OH containing S-equol similarly decrease ovariectomy-induced
increase in rat tail skin temperature in an animal model of hot flushes
by Yoneda T1, Ueno T, Uchiyama S.(PubMed)
(2) A pilot study on the effects of S-equol compared to soy isoflavones on menopausal hot flash frequency by Jenks BH1, Iwashita S, Nakagawa Y, Ragland K, Lee J, Carson WH, Ueno T, Uchiyama S.(PubMed)
(3) Extracted or synthesized soybean isoflavones reduce menopausal hot
flash frequency and severity: systematic review and meta-analysis of
randomized controlled trials by Taku K1, Melby MK, Kronenberg F, Kurzer MS, Messina M.(PubMed)
(4) Treatment of vasomotor symptoms of menopause with black cohosh, multibotanicals, soy, hormone therapy, or placebo: a randomized trial by Newton KM1, Reed SD, LaCroix AZ, Grothaus LC, Ehrlich K, Guiltinan J.(PubMed)
(5) Equol improves menopausal symptoms in Japanese women by Aso T.(PubMed)
(6) A natural S-equol supplement alleviates hot flushes and other menopausal symptoms in equol nonproducing postmenopausal Japanese women by Aso T1, Uchiyama S, Matsumura Y, Taguchi M, Nozaki M, Takamatsu K, Ishizuka B, Kubota T, Mizunuma H, Ohta H.(PubMed)
(7) Possible role of equol status in the effects of isoflavone on bone
and fat mass in postmenopausal Japanese women: a double-blind,
randomized, controlled trial by Wu J1, Oka J, Ezaki J, Ohtomo T, Ueno T, Uchiyama S, Toda T, Uehara M, Ishimi Y.(PubMed)
(8) New equol supplement for relieving menopausal symptoms: randomized, placebo-controlled trial of Japanese women by Ishiwata N1, Melby MK, Mizuno S, Watanabe S.(PubMed)
(9) Effect of soy isoflavone extract
supplements on bone mineral density in menopausal women: meta-analysis
of randomized controlled trials by Taku K1, Melby MK, Takebayashi J, Mizuno S, Ishimi Y, Omori T, Watanabe S.(PubMed)
(10) Chilliness: a vasomotor symptom in Japan by Melby MK.(PubMed)
(11) Intake of fermented soybeans, natto, is associated with reduced
bone loss in postmenopausal women: Japanese Population-Based
Osteoporosis (JPOS) Study by Ikeda Y1, Iki M, Morita A, Kajita E, Kagamimori S, Kagawa Y, Yoneshima H.(PubMed)
(12) Soy isoflavone tablets reduce osteoporosis risk factors and obesity in middle-aged Japanese women by Mori M1, Aizawa T, Tokoro M, Miki T, Yamori Y.(PubMed)
(13) Promotion of bone formation by fermented soybean (Natto) intake in premenopausal women by Katsuyama H1, Ideguchi S, Fukunaga M, Fukunaga T, Saijoh K, Sunami S.(PubMed)
(14) Hot flushes and other menopausal symptoms in relation to soy product intake in Japanese women by Nagata C1, Shimizu H, Takami R, Hayashi M, Takeda N, Yasuda K.(PubMed)
(15) Soy intake related to menopausal symptoms, serum lipids, and bone mineral density in postmenopausal Japanese women by Somekawa Y1, Chiguchi M, Ishibashi T, Aso T.(PubMed)
(16) Association of diet and other lifestyle with onset of menopause in Japanese women by Nagata C1, Takatsuka N, Inaba S, Kawakami N, Shimizu H.(PubMed)
(17) Phytoestrogens and the menopause by Mackey R1, Eden J.(PubMed)
Health Researcher and Article Writer. Expert in Health Benefits of Foods, Herbs, and Phytochemicals. Master in Mathematics & Nutrition and BA in World Literature and Literary criticism. All articles written by Kyle J. Norton are for information & education only.
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