By Kyle J. Norton Health article writer and researcher; Over
10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published on
line, including world wide health, ezine articles, article base,
healthblogs, selfgrowth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily,
etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by
Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington
Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as
international journal Pharma and Bio science, ISSN 0975-6299.
Diseases of Central Nervous system
Dementia
About 5-8% of all people over the age of 65 have some form of dementia,
and this number doubles every five years above that age. Dementia is
the loss of mental ability, severe enough to interfere with people's
every life and Alzheimer's disease is the most common type of dementia
in aging people.
V. Preventions
B. Antioxidants and Dementia
B.1. Antioxidant enzymes
Antioxidant
enzymes, chemical substances found in plants, protect the body from
damage of free radicals by terminating the chain
reactions through removing free radical intermediates and inhibiting
oxidation reactions.
1. Catalase
Catalase is an
enzyme, found in
most living organisms exposed to oxygen for action of converse
hydrogen peroxide (free radicals)(226) to water and oxygen as a rate of
40
million molecules of hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen each second,
using either an iron or manganese cofactor. The antioxidants showed to
protect cells against the toxic effects of hydrogen peroxide in
pathogenesis of oxidative stress-related diseases(222) inducted early stages of aggregation of the amyloid peptides(225), including
neurodegeneration(224) such as Alzheimer's diseas(223).
2. Glutathione peroxidase
The
function of glutathione peroxidase is to protect the organism from
oxidative damage and induced neurodegenerative diseases, such as
Alzheimer's disease(228) by removing lipid hydroperoxides(227), causes
of oxidation of lipid
cell membranes. probably through its major cellular peroxide
scavenging enzyme(228) and maintaining the oxidative phosphorylation
system and protecting mitochondria(229) and
protecting oxidative injury and amyloid toxicity of cortical
neurons(230).
3. Glutathione reductase
Glutathione
reductase, an antioxidant enzyme capable to regenerate Gglutathione (GSH) levels at 24h(233), and reduced pair of sulfur atoms glutathione to a
organosulfur compound form of antioxidant (consisting of three amino acids
joined by peptide bonds) may play an important role in prevention of
damage of important cellular components induced neurodegenerative
diseases such as PD(231)(232), caused by free radicals and peroxides. probably through its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties(231)
4. Super oxide dismutase (both Cu-Zn and Mn)
Super
oxide dismutase is an important antioxidant and immune defense(224) in nearly all
cells exposed to oxygen by converting superoxide into oxygen and
hydrogen peroxide depending on the metal cofactor such as both Cu-Zn
and Mn(225), probably through the attenuation of superoxide dismutases (SODs) and catalases (CATs)(225) in enhanced and protection of biochemical/molecular/neurobiological function(226).
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References
(222) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25152049
(223) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24524075
(224) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25241122(225) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16141213
(226) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24887508
(227) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10930377
(228) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19769463
(229) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22634395
(230) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16673405
(231) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24090962
Health Researcher and Article Writer. Expert in Health Benefits of Foods, Herbs, and Phytochemicals. Master in Mathematics & Nutrition and BA in World Literature and Literary criticism. All articles written by Kyle J. Norton are for information & education only.
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