Cryptoxanthin is a
phytochemincal of Yellow pigments in the class of Xanthophylls ,
belonging to the group of Carotenoids (tetraterpenoids), found
abundantly in orange, papaya, peaches, avocado, pea, grapefruit, kiwi, etc.
Health Benefits
1. Antioxidant effects
In the investigation of the biological properties of beta-cryptoxanthin,
a common carotenoid, in cell culture model systems, using the comet
assay to measure DNA damage, found that At low concentrations, close to
those found in plasma, beta-cryptoxanthin
does not itself cause damage, but protects transformed human cells
(HeLa and Caco-2) from damage induced by H(2)O(2) or by visible light in
the presence of a photosensitizer. In addition, it has a striking
effect on DNA repair, measured in different ways. Incubation of
H(2)O(2)-treated cells with beta-cryptoxanthin
led to a doubling of the rate of rejoining of strand breaks and had a
similar effect on the rate of removal of oxidized purines by base
excision repair, according to "The carotenoid beta-cryptoxanthin stimulates the repair of DNA oxidation damage in addition to acting as an antioxidant in human cells" by Lorenzo Y, Azqueta A, Luna L, Bonilla F, Domínguez G, Collins AR.(1)
2. Anti cancers
In
the demonstration of CHRP and/or MJs (a pulp (CHRP) and citrus juices
(MJ2 and MJ5) from a satsuma mandarin (Citrus unshiu Mar.) juice (MJ))
and theirs effects on rat colon, rat tongue, and mouse lung
tumorigenesis,m found that gavage with CHRP resulted in an increase of
activities of detoxifying enzymes in the liver, colon, and tongue
rats'. CHRP and MJs were also able to suppress the expression of
proinflammatory cytokines and inflammatory enzymes in the target
tissues. This paper describes the findings of our in vivo preclinical
experiments to develop a strategy for cancer chemoprevention of colon,
tongue, and lung neoplasms by use of CHRP and MJs, according to "Cancer chemoprevention by citrus pulp and juices containing high amounts of β-cryptoxanthin and hesperidin" by Tanaka T, Tanaka T, Tanaka M, Kuno T.(2)
3. Pulmonary tumorigenesis
In the investigation of the inhibitory effect of mandarin juice rich in beta-cryptoxanthin
and hesperidin on lung cancer, found that treatments with MJ, MJ2, and
MJ5 reduced the incidence of lung tumors and the inhibition by MJ5 (29%
reduction) was statistically significant (P<0.05). MJs treatment
lowered the multiplicity of lung neoplasms without statistical
significance. Immunohistochemically, MJs, especially MJ5, reduced
proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)-positive index in the lung
tumors without affecting PCNA index in hyperplastic alveolar cell
lesions, according to "Inhibitory effect of mandarin juice rich in beta-cryptoxanthin and hesperidin on 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone-induced pulmonary tumorigenesis in mice" by Kohno H, Taima M, Sumida T, Azuma Y, Ogawa H, Tanaka T.(3)
4. Renal cell carcinoma
In
the assessment of the association between renal cell cancer (RCC) and
intake of fruit, vegetables and nutrients examined in a
population-based case-control study of 323 cases and 1827 controls;
dietary intake was obtained using a mailed questionnaire, found that
β-Cryptoxanthin
and lycopene were also associated with decreased risks, but when both
were included in a mutually adjusted backwards stepwise regression
model, only β-cryptoxanthin
remained significant (OR 0·5; 95 % CI 0·3, 0·8). When other
micronutrients and types of fibre were investigated together, only
vegetable fibre and β-cryptoxanthin had significant trends (P < 0·01) (OR 0·6; 95 % CI 0·3, 0·9) (OR 0·5; 95 % CI 0·3, 0·9), respectively, according to "Fruit, vegetables, fibre and micronutrients and risk of US renal cell carcinoma" by Brock KE, Ke L, Gridley G, Chiu BC, Ershow AG, Lynch CF, Graubard BI, Cantor KP.(4)
5. Adiposity
In
the identification of Oral administration of β-CRX and the effect on
the mechanism, obese model mouse, TSOD used in the study, found that
DNA microarray analysis strongly indicates that the oral administration
of β-CRX represses the inflammatory cytokine secretion and improves the
lipid metabolism and the energy consumption. It also suggests these
effects are partly mediated by PPAR-α, not only lipid metabolism and
adipocyte differentiation control but possibly internal circadian clock
modulation, according to "Prevention of Adiposity by the Oral Administration of β-Cryptoxanthin" by Takayanagi K.(5)
6. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL)
In
the evaluation of the potential association between consumption of
fruit and vegetables and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) by histologic,
indicated that for nutrients, the risk of NHL overall was inversely
associated with a higher intake of β-cryptoxanthin
(OR = 0.6; CI = 0.4-0.9), magnesium (OR = 0.4; CI = 0.2-0.6),
potassium (OR = 0.5; CI = 0.3-1.0), and fiber (OR = 0.6; CI = 0.3-1.0),
but positively associated with a higher intake of retinol (OR = 1.7;
CI = 1.1-2.8). Intakes of vitamin E, magnesium, and potassium were
inversely associated with the risk of DLBCL, according to "Dietary intake of fruit and vegetables and risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma" by Chiu BC, Kwon S, Evens AM, Surawicz T, Smith SM, Weisenburger DD.(6)
7. Anti lung inflammation, oxidative damage, and squamous metaplasia
In the evaluation of the effects of β-cryptoxanthin
supplementation on cigarette smoke-induced squamous metaplasia,
inflammation, and changes in protein levels of proinflammatory cytokine
[tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα)] and transcription factors [nuclear
factor kappa B (NF-κB) and activator protein-1 (AP-1)], as well as on
smoke-induced oxidative DNA damage [8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine
(8-OHdG)] in the lung tissue of ferrets, found that β-Cryptoxanthin supplementation dose-dependently increased plasma and lung β-cryptoxanthin levels in ferrets, whereas cigarette smoke exposure lowered plasma and lung β-cryptoxanthin levels. β-Cryptoxanthin at both doses significantly decreased smoke-induced lung squamous metaplasia and inflammation. β-Cryptoxanthin
also substantially reduced smoke-elevated TNFα levels in alveolar,
bronchial, bronchiolar, and bronchial serous/mucous gland epithelial
cells and in lung macrophages. Moreover, β-cryptoxanthin decreased smoke-induced activation of NF-κB, expression of AP-1 and levels of 8-OHdG. The beneficial effects of β-cryptoxanthin were stronger for high-dose β-cryptoxanthin than for low-dose β-cryptoxanthin, according to "β-Cryptoxanthin supplementation prevents cigarette smoke-induced lung inflammation, oxidative damage, and squamous metaplasia in ferrets" by Liu C, Bronson RT, Russell RM, Wang XD.(7)
8. Insulin resistance
In
the investigation of a fat-soluble extract from persimmon peel (PP)
and fed type 2 diabetic Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rats an AIN-93G rodent diet
supplemented with persimmon peel extract (PP diet) for 12 weeks, found
that compared with the control AIN-93G diet, the PP diet significantly
reduced plasma glutamic-pyruvate transaminase activity, with
accumulation of β-cryptoxanthin
in the liver. DNA microarray analysis revealed that the PP diet
altered hepatic gene expression profiles. In particular, expression of
insulin signaling pathway-related genes was significantly enriched in
differentially expressed gene sets. Moreover, Western blotting analysis
showed an increase in insulin receptor beta tyrosine phosphorylation in
rats fed the PP diet, according to "Hepatic
gene expression of the insulin signaling pathway is altered by
administration of persimmon peel extract: a DNA microarray study using
type 2 diabetic Goto-Kakizaki rats" by Izuchi R, Nakai Y, Takahashi H, Ushiama S, Okada S, Misaka T, Abe K.(8)
9. Anti Breast cancer
In
the study consisting of 604 breast cancer cases and 626 controls with
prospectively measured circulating carotenoid levels and mammographic
density in the Nurses' Health Study,
found that no evidence that
circulating carotenoids are inversely associated with mammographic
density. However, mammographic density significantly modified the
association between total circulating carotenoids and breast cancer (P
heterogeneity = 0.008). Overall, circulating total carotenoids were
inversely associated with breast cancer risk (P trend = 0.01). Among
women in the highest tertile of mammographic density, total carotenoids
were associated with a 50% reduction in breast cancer risk (odds
ratio, 0.5; 95% confidence interval, 0.3-0.8). In contrast, there was
no inverse association between carotenoids and breast cancer risk among
women with low mammographic density. Similarly, among women in the
highest tertile of mammographic density, high levels of circulating
alpha-carotene, beta-cryptoxanthin,
lycopene, and lutein/zeaxanthin were associated with a significant 40%
to 50% reduction in breast cancer risk (P trend < 0.05), according
to "Circulating carotenoids, mammographic density, and subsequent risk of breast cancer" by Tamimi RM, Colditz GA, Hankinson SE.(9)
10. Etc.
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Sources
(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19056931
(2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22174562
(3) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11689289
(4) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22186835
(5) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22131983
(6) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21695384
(7) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21421799
(8) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21370910
(9) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19934322
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