Meningitis is defined as a condition of inflammation of the protective membranes, covering the brain and spinal cord (meninges). Meningitis, a
life threaten disease, can kill and immediate action can and does save
lives.(1) Although bacterial meningitis has become an uncommon disease
in the developed
world. Unfortunately, because of limited economic resources and poor
living conditions, many developing countries are still affected by the
devastating consequences of this life-threatening systemic infection(2)
Antioxidants against meningitis
a. Catechin
a.1. Anti-inflammatory effect
In
the preparation of the gel of Chinese medicine catechu, and to observe
the release mechanism in vitro and anti-inflammatory activity in rats,
found that the optimum condition of extraction from catechu was as
follows, the concentration of ethanol, ratio of raw material to
solvent, ultrasonic time, and extraction temperature were 50% , 1: 12,
35 min and 60 degrees C, respectively. The formulation of catechu gel
was carbomer-9 400.5 g, glycerol 5.0 g, the extracts of catechu 50.0
mL, and triethanomine 0.5 mL The gel was semitransparent and stable.
The drugs released quickly. The catechu gel reduced the paw edema
considerably in dose-dependent manner compared to carrageenan-induced
rat, according to "[Preparation and pharmacodynamics studies on anti-inflammatory effect of catechu gel].[Article in Chinese]" by Zheng X, Zheng C.(41)
a.2. Anti-influenza virus activity
In the study of Polyphenolic compounds present in green tea, particularly catechins,
and its effect on strong anti-influenza activity, found that
therapeutic administration of green tea by-products via feed or water
supplement resulted in a dose-dependent significant antiviral effect in
chickens, with a dose of 10 g/kg of feed being the most effective (P
< 0.001), according to "Anti-influenza virus activity of green tea by-products in vitro and efficacy against influenza virus infection in chickens" by Lee HJ, Lee YN, Youn HN, Lee DH, Kwak JH, Seong BL, Lee JB, Park SY, Choi IS, Song CS.(42)
b. Quercetin
b.1. Anti-Inflammatory effects
According to the study of `Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Quercetin
7-O-β-D-Glucopyranoside from the Leaves of Brasenia schreberi.`by
Legault J, Perron T, Mshvildadze V, Girard-Lalancette K, Perron S,
Laprise C, Sirois P, Pichette A. (Source
from Laboratory for Analysis and Separation of Plant Species (LASEVE),
Université du Québec à Chicoutimi , Chicoutimi, Québec, Canada.),
posted in PubMed, researchers found that some flavonoids have been
reported to possess beneficial effects in cardiovascular and chronic
inflammatory diseases associated with overproduction of nitric oxide. Quercetin-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside
possesses anti-inflammatory activity, inhibiting expression of
inducible nitric oxide synthase and release of nitric oxide by
lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages in a dose-dependent
manner. Quercetin-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside also inhibited overexpression of cyclooxygenase-2 and granulocyte macrophage-colony-stimulating factor.
b.2. Antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities
According
to the study of `Antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities of leaves,
twigs and stem bark of Scutia buxifolia Reissek.`by Boligon AA, Janovik
V, Frohlich JK, Spader TB, Forbrig Froeder AL, Alves SH, Athayde ML. (Source
from a Phytochemical Research Laboratory, Department of Industrial
Pharmacy , Federal University of Santa Maria , Build 26, room 1115 ,
Santa Maria , CEP 97105-900 , Brazil.), posted in PubMed, researchers
found that
quercitrin, isoquercitrin and rutin were identified by HPLC and may be
partially responsible for the antimicrobial activities observed. This
study reports for the first time the antimicrobial and cytotoxic
activities of S. buxifolia leaves, twigs and stem bark.
c. Lycopene
c.1. Anti Inflammation
According to the study of `Inhibitory mechanism of lycopene on cytokine expression in experimental pancreatitis.`by Kim H. (Source
from Department of Food and Nutrition, Brain Korea 21 Project,
College of Human Ecology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea.
kim626@yonsei.ac.kr), posted in PubMed, researchers found that in pancreatic acinar cells, which is mediated by the activation of NADPH oxidase. Lycopene
functions as a very potent antioxidant to suppress the induction of
inflammatory cytokines, in pancreatic acinar cells stimulated with
cerulein. In this review, the possible beneficial effect of lycopene on experimental pancreatitis shall be discussed based on its antioxidant activity.
c.2. Antioxidants
In the study of
`Comparison of lycopene and tomato effects on biomarkers of oxidative
stress in vitamin E deficient rats` by Delphine Gitenay, Bernard Lyan,
Mathieu Rambeau, Andrzej Mazur and Edmond Rock. (Source from European
Journal of Nutrition Volume 46, Number 8, 468-475, DOI:
10.1007/s00394-007-0687-2), posted in springerprotocols.com, researchers
found that Our study showed for the first time that tomatoes,
containing or not containing lycopene, have a higher potential than
lycopene to attenuate and or to reverse oxidative stress-related
parameters in a mild oxidative stress context.
d. Theaflavin
d.1. Antioxidant effects
In the investigation of four main TF derivatives (theaflavin (TF(1)), theaflavin-3-gallate (TF(2)A), theaflavin-3'-gallate (TF(2)B), and theaflavin-3,3'-digallate
(TF(3))) in scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS) in vitro, their
properties of inhibiting superoxide, singlet oxygen, hydrogen
peroxide, and the hydroxyl radical, and their effects on hydroxyl
radical-induced DNA oxidative damage, found that compared with
(-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), TF derivatives were good
antioxidants for scavenging ROS and preventing the hydroxyl
radical-induced DNA damage in vitro. TF(3) was the most positive in
scavenging hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl radical, and TF(1) suppressed
superoxide. Positive antioxidant capacities of TF(2)B on singlet
oxygen, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radical, and the hydroxyl
radical-induced DNA damage in vitro were found, according to "Evaluation of the antioxidant effects of four main theaflavin derivatives through chemiluminescence and DNA damage analyses" by Wu YY, Li W, Xu Y, Jin EH, Tu YY.(43)
d.2. Antibacterial effects
in the evaluation of the antibacterial effects of various concentrations of theaflavin as well as combinations of theaflavin and epicatechin, using the disk diffusion assay, found that strong antibacterial activity of theaflavin against eight clinical isolates of S. maltophilia and A. baumannii. Significant synergy (P≤0.05) was also observed between theaflavin and epicatechin against all isolates, according to "Antibacterial effects of theaflavin and synergy with epicatechin against clinical isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia" by Betts JW, Kelly SM, Haswell SJ.(44)
3. Minerals(40)
a. Manganese
Manganese is an
essential trace nutrient in all forms of life. It is well known for its
role in helping the body to maintain healthy skin and bone structure,
but also acts as cofactors for a number of enzymes in higher organisms,
where they are essential in detoxification of superoxide (O2−, with
one unpaired electron) free radicals. Although superoxide is
biologically quite toxic and is deployed by the immune system to kill
invading microorganisms by utilizing the enzyme NADPH oxidase. Any
Mutations in the gene coding for the NADPH oxidase cause an
immunodeficiency syndrome.
b. Zinc
Zinc
is an essential mineral that is naturally present in some foods. The
ability of zinc in inhibiting oxidative processes has been recognized for
many years. Chronic effects, zinc enhances the introduction of
metallothioneins, which help to capture the superoxide and hydroxyl
radicals due to cysteine residues, resulting in lessening the risk of
oxidative stress. Over acute effects, zinc may reduce the
postischemic injury to a variety of tissues and organs by involving the
antagonism of copper reactivity as a result from its antioxidant
functions.
c. Copper
Copper, an essential
trace element is essential for the absorption and utilization of iron
and distributed widely in the body and occurs in liver. Antimicrobial and viral Copper enhances the immune function in fighting
against foreign invasion, such as bacteria and virus, thus reducing
the risk of infection and inflammation by utilizing the absorption of
oxygen and production of energy within cells.
4. Etc.
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Sources
(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15284663
(2) http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736%2803%2913693-8/fulltext
(41) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22256752
(42) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22184430
(43) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21887850
(44) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21885260
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