Zeaxanthin is a phytochemincal
of Yellow pigments in the class of Xanthophylls , belonging to the
group of Carotenoids (tetraterpenoids), found abundantly in
wolfberry, spinach, kale, turnip greens, maize, eggs, red pepper, etc.
Health Benefits
1. Alzheimer's disease
In
the identification of an association between vascular
comorbidities/vascular risk factors and plasma levels of antioxidant
micronutrients in patients with AD found that Plasma levels of retinol,
vitamin E, lutein, zeaxanthin, lycopene and β-carotene were
significantly lower in the AD Plus group than in controls.
Furthermore, vitamin A levels were correlated with MMSE scores and the
levels of vitamin E, lutein, zeaxanthin and lycopene were correlated
with all neuropsychological tests.Conclusion: The depletion of
circulating antioxidant micronutrients observed in AD patients is
associated with vascular comorbidities and risk factors. The vascular
comorbidities of patients with AD should also be identified in light of
the presence and degree of depletion of the antioxidant defense system
of the organism, according to "[Influence
of vascular comorbidities on the antioxidant
defense system in Alzheimer's disease].[Article in German]" by Polidori MC, Stahl W, De Spirt S, Pientka L.(1)
2. Eye Health
In the article of summarises the current literature related to the bioactivity of these carotenoids (lutein and zeaxanthin), emphasising their effects and possible mechanisms of action in relation to human eye health, found that lutein and zeaxanthin
are widely distributed in a number of body tissues and are uniquely
concentrated in the retina and lens, indicating that each has a possible
specific function in these two vital ocular tissues. Most of
epidemiological studies and clinical trials support the notion that lutein and zeaxanthin have a potential role in the prevention and treatment of certain eye
diseases such as age-related macular degeneration, cataract and
retinitis pigmentosa. The biological mechanisms for the protective
effects of these carotenoids may include powerful blue-light filtering
activities and antioxidant properties, according to "Effects of lutein and zeaxanthin on aspects of eye health" by Ma L, Lin XM.(2)
3. Eye and skin health
In the reviews of the scientific literature pertaining to the effects that lutein and zeaxanthin exhibit in the human eye and skin, indicated that in the eye, lutein and zeaxanthin
have been shown to filter high-energy wavelengths of visible light and
act as antioxidants to protect against the formation of reactive
oxygen species and subsequent free radicals. Human studies have
demonstrated that lutein and zeaxanthin
are present in the skin, and animal studies have provided evidence of
significant efficacy against light-induced skin damage, especially the
ultraviolet wavelengths, according to "Lutein and zeaxanthin in eye and skin health" by Roberts RL, Green J, Lewis B.(3)
4. Macular pigment level
In the comparison of the effect of lutein- and zeaxanthin-rich
foods and supplements on macular pigment level (MPL) and serological
markers of endothelial activation, inflammation and oxidation in healthy
volunteers, concluded that in 8-week supplementation with lutein and zeaxanthin,
whether as foods or as supplements, had no significant effect on MPL
or serological markers of endothelial activation, inflammation and
oxidation in healthy volunteers, but may improve MPL in the highest
serum responders and in those with initially low MPL, according to "The effect of lutein- and zeaxanthin-rich
foods v. supplements on macular pigment level and serological markers
of endothelial activation, inflammation and oxidation: pilot studies in
healthy volunteers" by Graydon R, Hogg RE, Chakravarthy U, Young IS, Woodside JV.(4)
5. Anti-inflammatory cytokine
In the investigation of the effects of xanthophylls (containing 40 % of lutein and 60 % of zeaxanthin)
on proinflammatory cytokine (IL-1β, IL-6, interferon (IFN)-γ and
lipopolysaccharide-induced TNF-α factor (LITAF)) and anti-inflammatory
cytokine (IL-4 and IL-10) expression of breeding hens and chicks, found
that in ovo xanthophylls decreased proinflammatory cytokine expression
(IL-1β, IL-6, IFN-γ and LITAF) in the liver, duodenum, jejunum and ileum
and increased anti-inflammatory cytokine expression (IL-4 and IL-10)
in the liver, jejunum and ileum mainly at 0-7 d after hatching. In ovo
effects gradually vanished and dietary effects began to work during 1-2
weeks after hatching. Dietary xanthophylls modulated proinflammatory
cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6 and IFN-γ) in the liver, duodenum, jejunum and
ileum and anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-10) in the liver and jejunum
mainly from 2 weeks onwards, according to "Supplementation of xanthophylls decreased proinflammatory and increased anti-inflammatory cytokines in hens and chicks" by Gao YY, Xie QM, Jin L, Sun BL, Ji J, Chen F, Ma JY, Bi YZ.(5)
6. Anti breast cancer
In
the investigation of analyzed baseline and repeated serum measurements
of carotenoids, retinol, and tocopherols to assess their associations
with postmenopausal breast cancer risk,
found that after
multivariable adjustment, risk of invasive breast cancer was inversely
associated with baseline serum alpha-carotene concentrations (hazard
ratio for highest compared with the lowest tertile: 0.55; 95% CI: 0.34,
0.90; P = 0.02) and positively associated with baseline lycopene
(hazard ratio: 1.47; 95% CI: 0.98, 2.22; P = 0.06). Analysis of
repeated measurements indicated that alpha-carotene and beta-carotene
were inversely associated with breast cancer and that gamma-tocopherol
was associated with increased risk, according to "Longitudinal
study of serum carotenoid, retinol, and tocopherol concentrations in
relation to breast cancer risk among postmenopausal women" by Kabat GC, Kim M, Adams-Campbell LL, Caan BJ, Chlebowski RT, Neuhouser ML, Shikany JM, Rohan TE; WHI Investigators.(6)
7. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL)
In
the testing the hypothesis that higher intake of antioxidant nutrients
from foods, supplements and FFQ-based ORAC values are associated with a
lower risk of NHL in a clinic-based study of 603 incident cases and
1,007 frequency-matched controls, found that Dietary intake of
α-tocopherol (OR = 0.50; p-trend = 0.0002), β-carotene (OR = 0.58;
p-trend = 0.0005), lutein/zeaxanthin (OR = 0.62; p-trend = 0.005), zinc
(OR = 0.54; p-trend = 0.003) and chromium (OR = 0.68; p-trend = 0.032)
was inversely associated with NHL risk. Inclusion of supplement use
had little impact on these associations. Total vegetables (OR = 0.52;
p-trend < 0.0001), particularly green leafy (OR = 0.52;
p-trend<0.0001) and cruciferous (OR = 0.68; p-trend = 0.045)
vegetables, were inversely associated with NHL risk, according to "Food-frequency questionnaire-based estimates of total antioxidant capacity and risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma" by Holtan
SG, O'Connor HM, Fredericksen ZS, Liebow M, Thompson CA, Macon WR,
Micallef IN, Wang AH, Slager SL, Habermann TM, Call TG, Cerhan JR.(7)
8. Cardioprotective effect
In
the evaluation of the cardioprotective effect of VitaePro (70 mg/kg
body weight, 21 days), a novel antioxidant mix of astaxanthin, lutein
and zeaxanthin
in a rat ex vivo model of ischemia/reperfusion injury, found that oral
ingestion of VitaePro protects myocardium from ischemia/reperfusion
injury by decreasing oxidative stress and apoptosis, which may be of
therapeutic benefit in the treatment of cardiovascular complications.
However, further in vivo animal and human intervention studies are
warranted before establishing any recommendations about usage of
VitaePro for human cardiovascular complications, according to "Cardioprotective Efficacy of a Novel Antioxidant Mix VitaePro Against Ex Vivo Myocardial Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury" by Adluri RS, Thirunavukkarasu M, Zhan L, Maulik N, Svennevig K, Bagchi M, Maulik G.(8)
9. Asymptomatic early atherosclerosis
in
the examination of the cross-sectional association of serum vitamin
levels, the susceptibility of LDL to hemin-induced oxidation (lag phase
to conjugated diene formation), and the malondialdehyde-LDL (MDA-LDL)
to native LDL radioactivity binding ratio with carotid intima-media
thickness (IMT), a measure of asymptomatic early atherosclerosis, found
that after adjustment for potential confounders, only the inverse
association of lutein plus zeaxanthin
with asymptomatic atherosclerosis was maintained. This study supports a
modest inverse association between circulating levels of some
carotenoids, particularly lutein plus zeaxanthin, and carotid IMT, according to "Association
of serum vitamin levels, LDL susceptibility to oxidation, and
autoantibodies against MDA-LDL with carotid atherosclerosis. A
case-control study. The ARIC Study Investigators. Atherosclerosis Risk
in Communities" by Iribarren C, Folsom AR, Jacobs DR Jr, Gross MD, Belcher JD, Eckfeldt JH.(9)
10. Etc.
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Sources
(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22318842
(2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20355006
(3) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19168000
(4) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22313522
(5) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22273061
(6) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19474140
(7) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22038870
(8) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21960420
(9) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9194770
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