Acute thyroiditis (Acute infectious thyroiditis or acute suppurative thyroiditis) is defined as a condition of as a result of relatively high amount of iodine in the tissue causes of microbial inflammatory thyroiditis, pyrogenic thyroiditis and bacterial thyroiditis. Acute infectious thyroiditis is very rare, accounting for about 0.1-0.7% of all thyroiditis.
F. Treatments
F.2. In herbal medicine perspective
1. Aloe Vera
Aloe Vera also is popular used in treating infection and inflamation as a result of its antioxidant property. according to the study of ” In Vitro Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities of Anthrone and Chromone from the Latex of Aloe harlana Reynolds” by Asamenew G, Bisrat D, Mazumder A, Asres K., posted in PuibMed(38). Others indicated that Aloe Vera enhances the immune system by enhancing the immunological parameters in cellular immune response and phagocytosis, according to the study of “Modulation of Immune Response of BALB/Mice Bearing Lymphoma L5178Y Treated with Bitter Yellow Juice of Aloe vera (L) in vivo” by Oronzo-Barocio A, Zaitseva G, Chavez-Anaya A, Arceta-Gonzalez VI, Puebla-Perez AM, Alfaro-Bustamante F, Zimina IV, Arion VY., posted in PubMed(39).
2. Black Walnut
Tannins extract of phenolic compounds from several herbal plants, including Black Walnut have exerted the relatively high level of activity (62.5 to 125 microg/ml) in fighting against Listeria monocytogenes, according to the study of “Antibacterial activity of tannin constituents from Phaseolus vulgaris, Fagoypyrum esculentum, Corylus avellana and Juglans nigra” by Amarowicz R, Dykes GA, Pegg RB., posted in PubMed(40). It also contains ellagic acid and others antioxidants such as Myricetin, tannins, Vitamin E-alpha, beta, delta and gamma-tocopherol of which not only can fight the forming of free radical cause of DNA damage of irregular cells growth, according to the study of ” In vitro antiproliferative, apoptotic and antioxidant activities of punicalagin, ellagic acid and a total pomegranate tannin extract are enhanced in combination with other polyphenols as found in pomegranate juice” by Navindra P. Seerama, Lynn S. Adamsa, Susanne M. Henninga, Yantao Niua, Yanjun Zhangbc, Muraleedharan G. Nairbc, David Hebera (Volume 16, Issue 6, Pages 360-367 (June 2005)), posted in The journal of Ntritional Biochemitry, but also enhance the immune system guarding our body from foreign invasion cause of inflammation and infection, according the study of “Polyphenols as antimicrobial agents” by Daglia M., posted in PubMed(41).
3. Cinnamon
3.1. Immunomodulatory effect
In administration of popular herb used in traditional medicine to treat various disorders such as chronic gastric symptoms, arthritis, and the common cold and its immunomodulatory effect found that observations provided evidence that CWE was able to down-regulate IFN-γ expression in activated T cells without altering IL-2 production, involving inhibition of p38, JNK, ERK1/2, and STAT4, according to the study of “Immunomodulatory effect of water extract of cinnamon on anti-CD3-induced cytokine responses and p38, JNK, ERK1/2, and STAT4 activation” by Lee BJ, Kim YJ, Cho DH, Sohn NW, Kang H.(42)
3.2. Antimicrobial Activities
In the observation of three natural essential oils (i.e., clove bud oil, cinnamon oil, and star anise oil) and their antimicrobal effects found that the cinnamon oil-chitosan film had also better antimicrobial activity than the clove bud oil-chitosan film. The results also showed that the compatibility of cinnamon oil with chitosan in film formation was better than that of the clove bud oil with chitosan, according to the study of “Synergistic Antimicrobial Activities of Natural Essential Oils with Chitosan Films” by Wang L, Liu F, Jiang Y, Chai Z, Li P, Cheng Y, Jing H, Leng X.(43)
3.3. Anti-inflammatory activity
In the investigation of Myristicin (1-allyl-5-methoxy-3,4-methylenedioxybenzene) is an active aromatic compound found in nutmeg (the seed of Myristica fragrans), carrot, basil,cinnamon, and parsley and it anti-inflammatory effects found that Myristicin significantly inhibited the production of calcium, nitric oxide (NO),interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, interferon inducible protein-10, monocyte chemotactic protein(MCP)-1, MCP-3, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1α, MIP-1β, and leukemia inhibitory factor in dsRNA[polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid]-induced RAW 264.7 cells (P < 0.05), according to the study of "Anti-inflammatory effect of myristicin on RAW 264.7 macrophages stimulated with polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid" by Lee JY, Park W.(44).
4. Garlic
In the study of the Extracts of aged fresh garlic that are aged over a prolonged period and its antioxidant effects found that the ability of AGE to protect against oxidant-induced disease, acute damage from aging, radiation and chemical exposure, and long-term toxic damage. Although additional observations are warranted in humans, compelling evidence supports the beneficial health effects attributed to AGE, i.e., reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease, stroke, cancer and aging, including the oxidant-mediated brain cell damage that is implicated in Alzheimer's disease, according to "Antioxidant health effects of aged garlic extract" by
Borek C.(45).
5. Kelp
5.1. Thyroid function
In the investigation of the effects of of two different doses of supplemental kelp on the thyroid function found that short-term dietary supplementation with kelp significantly increases both basal and poststimulation TSH. These findings corroborate previous studies on the effects of supplemental iodide given to euthyroid subjects for a similar period. Further studies are needed to determine whether long-term kelp supplementation would cause clinically significant thyroid disease, according to "Effects of kelp supplementation on thyroid function in euthyroid subjects" by Clark CD, Bassett B, Burge MR.(46).
5.2. Antioxidants
In the observation of Brown algae of the Laminariales (kelps) and its antioxidant effect found that on the thallus surface and in the apoplast, iodide detoxifies both aqueous oxidants and ozone, the latter resulting in the release of high levels of molecular iodine and the consequent formation of hygroscopic iodine oxides leading to particles, which are precursors to cloud condensation nuclei. In a complementary set of experiments using a heterologous system, iodide was found to effectively scavenge ROS in human blood cells, according to "Iodide accumulation provides kelp with an inorganic antioxidant impacting atmospheric chemistry" by Küpper FC, Carpenter LJ, McFiggans GB, Palmer CJ, Waite TJ, Boneberg EM, Woitsch S, Weiller M, Abela R, Grolimund D, Potin P, Butler A, Luther GW 3rd, Kroneck PM, Meyer-Klaucke W, Feiters MC.(47).
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Sources
(38) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21452374
(39) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12687115
(40) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18325686
(41) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21925860
(42) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22053946
(43) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22034912
(44) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21991618
(45) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11238807
(46) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14583417
(47) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18458346
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