Betacyanins are phytochemicals in
the class of red and yellow indole-derived pigments, belonging to the
group of Betalains, found abundantly in beets, chard, etc.
Health Benefits
1. Cytotoxic effect
In
the comparison of the cytotoxic effect of the red beetroot extract with
anticancer drug, doxorubicin (adriamycin) in the androgen-independent
human prostate cancer cells (PC-3) and in the well-established estrogen
receptor-positive human breast cancer cells (MCF-7), found that that
betanin, the major betacyanin constituent, may play an
important role in the cytotoxicity exhibited by the red beetroot
extract. Further studies are needed to evaluate the chemopreventive
potentials of the beetroot extract when used alone or in combination
with doxorubicin to mitigate the toxic side-effects of the latter,
according to "Cytotoxic effect of the red beetroot (Beta
vulgaris L.) extract compared to doxorubicin (Adriamycin) in the human
prostate (PC-3) and breast (MCF-7) cancer cell lines' by Kapadia GJ, Azuine MA, Rao GS, Arai T, Iida A, Tokuda H.(1)
2. Neuroprotective effect
In
the assessment of the protective effect of betacyanins from Portulaca
oleracea L. against the D-galactose (D-gal)-induced neurotoxicity in
mice, suggest that the neuroprotective effect of betacyanins against
D-gal-induced neurotoxicity might be caused, at least in part, by an
increase in the activities of antioxidant enzymes with a reduction in
lipid peroxidation. In comparison with vitamin C (VC), the betacyanins
had a more pronounced effect on ameliorating cognition deficits in mice,
according to "Betacyanins from Portulaca oleracea L. ameliorate
cognition deficits and attenuate oxidative damage induced by
D-galactose in the brains of senescent mice" by
Wang CQ, Yang GQ.(2)
3. Lipoperoxyl radical-scavenging activity
In
the study of the reaction kinetics of betanin and its aglycone
betanidin towards peroxyl radicals generated from the azo-initiated
oxidation of methyl linoleate in methanol and of a heterogeneous
aqueous/soybean phosphatidylcholine liposomal system, mechanisms of the
antioxidant activity. Either betanin or betanidin incorporated in
liposomes with alpha-tocopherol had additive effects, supporting
partition of the pigments in the bilayer and lipoperoxyl radical
reduction, according to "Betacyanins as phenol antioxidants.
Chemistry and mechanistic aspects of the lipoperoxyl radical-scavenging
activity in solution and liposomes" by Tesoriere L, Allegra M, Gentile C, Livrea MA.(3)
4. Diggestive effects
In
the assessment of the stability of betacyanins and betaxanthins from
either fresh foods or manufactured products of cactus pear fruit (
Opuntia ficus indica L. Mill. cv. Gialla and Rossa) and red beet ( Beta
vulgaris L. ssp. vulgaris) in a simulated oral, gastric, and small
intestinal digestion and compared with the digestive stability of
purified pigments, suggested that digestive stability controls
bioaccessibility of dietary betaxanthins, whereas additional factors,
relevant to the food matrix and style of processing, affect betacyanin
bioaccessibility, according to "In vitro digestion of betalainic
foods. Stability and bioaccessibility of betaxanthins and betacyanins
and antioxidative potential of food digesta" by Tesoriere L, Fazzari M, Angileri F, Gentile C, Livrea MA.(4)
5. Chronic myeloid leukemia
In
the evaluation of the antiproliferative effects of betanin, a principle
betacyanin pigment, isolated from the fruits of Opuntia ficus-indica on
human chronic myeloid leukemia cell line (K562), found that betanin, a
betacyanin pigment induces apoptosis in K562 cells through the intrinsic
pathway and is mediated by the release of cytochrome c from
mitochondria into the cytosol, and PARP cleavage. The antiproliferative
effects of betanin add further value to the nutritional characteristics
of the fruits of O. ficus-indica, according to "Betanin a
betacyanin pigment purified from fruits of Opuntia ficus-indica induces
apoptosis in human chronic myeloid leukemia Cell line-K562" by Sreekanth D, Arunasree MK, Roy KR, Chandramohan Reddy T, Reddy GV, Reddanna P.(5)
6. Environment effects
In
the study of the ffects of temperature, light, salinity and
developmental phases on the accumulation of red pigments in the C(3)
halophyte Suaeda salsa, found that red pigments are betacyanins.
Darkness, low temperatures and high salinity enhance betacyanin
accumulation in Suaeda salsa, and darkness in the germination phase is
one of the most important environmental factors for the betacyanin
accumulation, according to "Identification of betacyanin and effects of environmental factors on its accumulation in halophyte Suaeda salsa" by Wang CQ, Zhao JQ, Chen M, Wang BS.(6)
7. Anti cancers
In
the investigation of the natural pigments, alone and in combination for
their relative potencies against cyclooxygenase enzymes and tumor cell
growth inhibition by using MCF-7 (breast), HCT-116 (colon), AGS
(stomach), CNS (central nervous system), and NCI-H460 (lung) tumor cell
lines, found that Among the colors tested, betanin,
cyanidin-3-O-glucoside, lycopene, and beta-carotene inhibited lipid
peroxidation. However, all pigments tested gave COX-1 and COX-2
inhibition and showed a dose-dependent growth inhibition against breast,
colon, stomach, central nervous system, and lung tumor cells,
respectively. The mixtures of these pigments were also evaluated for
their synergistic effects and chemical interactions at various
concentrations. The mixture of anthocyanin and betanin negated their
efficacy in the cell growth inhibitory assay and did not enhance the COX
enzyme inhibitory activity. This is the first report of a comparative
evaluation and the impact on biological activities of these pigments
alone and in combination, according to 'Relative inhibition of lipid peroxidation, cyclooxygenase enzymes, and human tumor cell proliferation by natural food colors" by Reddy MK, Alexander-Lindo RL, Nair MG.(7)
8. Included those of
a. Betanin
b. Isobetanin
c. Probetanin
d. Neobetanin
9. Etc.
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Sources
(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21434853
(2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19879120
(3) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19548153
(4) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18959410
(5) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17482444
(6) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16622319
(7) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16277432
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