Betanin is Phytochemicals in the
class of red and yellow indole-derived pigments of Betacyanins,
belonging to the group of Betalains, found abundantly in beets, chard,
etc.
Health Benefits
1. Chronic myeloid leukemia Cell
In
the evaluation of the antiproliferative effects of betanin, a
principle betacyanin pigment, isolated from the fruits of Opuntia
ficus-indica on human chronic myeloid leukemia cell line (K562) showed
that dose and time dependent decrease in the proliferation of K562 cells
treated with betanin with an IC(50) of 40 microM. Further studies
involving scanning and transmission electron microscopy revealed the
apoptotic characteristics such as chromatin condensation, cell shrinkage
and membrane blebbing. Agarose electrophoresis of genomic DNA of
cells treated with betanin showed fragmentation pattern typical for
apoptotic cells, according to "Betanin
a betacyanin pigment purified from fruits of Opuntia ficus-indica
induces apoptosis in human chronic myeloid leukemia Cell line-K562" by Sreekanth D, Arunasree MK, Roy KR, Chandramohan Reddy T, Reddy GV, Reddanna P.(1)
2. Neutrophil oxidative metabolism, DNA damage and apoptosis
In
the evaluation of the effect of betanin, one of the beetroot major
components, on ROS production, DNA damage and apoptosis in human
resting and stimulated with phorbol 12-myristate13-acetate
polymorphonuclear neutrophils, one of the key elements of the
inflammatory response, indicate that betanin may be responsible for the
effect of beetroot products on neutrophil oxidative metabolism and its
consequences, DNA damage and apoptosis. The dose and time dependent
effects on these processes require further studies, according to "The Beetroot Component Betanin Modulates ROS Production, DNA Damage and Apoptosis in Human Polymorphonuclear Neutrophils" by Zielińska-Przyjemska M, Olejnik A, Kostrzewa A, Luczak M, Jagodziński PP, Baer-Dubowska W.(2)
3. Breast cancer
In
the investigation of the effect of a wide range of dietary
phytochemicals on the activity and expression of DNMTs in human breast
cancer MCF7 cell line and their effect on DNA and histone H3
methylation, found that all phytochemicals inhibited the DNA
methyltransferase activity with betanin being the weakest while
rosmarinic and ellagic acids were the most potent modulators (up to
88% inhibition), according to "The effect of dietary polyphenols on the epigenetic regulation of gene expression in MCF7 breast cancer cells" by Paluszczak J, Krajka-Kuźniak V, Baer-Dubowska W.(3)
4. Low-density lipoproteins
In
the study of the activity of myeloperoxidase (MPO) in the presence of
nitrite, now considered a key step in the pathophysiology of
low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation, showed that betanin, a
phytochemical of the betalain class, inhibits the production of lipid
hydroperoxides in human LDL submitted to a MPO/nitrite-induced
oxidation. Kinetic measurements including time-course of particle
oxidation and betanin consumption, either in the presence or in the
absence of nitrite, suggest that the antioxidant effect is possibly the
result of various actions. Betanin scavenges the initiator radical
nitrogen dioxide and can also act as a lipoperoxyl radical-scavenger,
according to "Betanin inhibits the myeloperoxidase/nitrite-induced oxidation of human low-density lipoproteins" by Allegra M, Tesoriere L, Livrea MA.(4)
5. Antioxidants
In
the study of the pH-dependent free radical-scavenging activity of
betanin in the Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) assay,
suggest that the exceptionally high antioxidant activity of betanin is
associated with an increasing of its H-donation and electron-donation
ability when going from cationic state to mono-, di- and
tri-deprotonated states present at basic solutions, according to "Betanin, the main pigment of red beet: molecular origin of its exceptionally high free radical-scavenging activity" by Gliszczyńska-Swigło A, Szymusiak H, Malinowska P.(5)
6. Anti cancers
In
the evaluation for betacyanins, anthocyanins, pure betanin, bixin,
lycopene, chlorophyll, beta-carotene, and cyanidin-3-O-glucoside were
isolated from Beta vulgaris, Bixa orellana,Lycopersicum esculentum,
Spinacia oleracea, Daucus carrota, and Prunus cerasus, relative
potencies against cyclooxygenase enzymes and tumor cell growth
inhibition by using MCF-7 (breast), HCT-116 (colon), AGS (stomach), CNS
(central nervous system), and NCI-H460 (lung) tumor cell lines, found
that all pigments tested gave COX-1 and COX-2 inhibition and showed a
dose-dependent growth inhibition against breast, colon, stomach, central
nervous system, and lung tumor cells, respectively. The mixtures of
these pigments were also evaluated for their synergistic effects and
chemical interactions at various concentrations. The mixture of
anthocyanin and betanin negated their efficacy in the cell growth
inhibitory assay and did not enhance the COX enzyme inhibitory activity.
This is the first report of a comparative evaluation and the impact on
biological activities of these pigments alone and in combination,
according to "Relative inhibition of lipid peroxidation, cyclooxygenase enzymes, and human tumor cell proliferation by natural food colors" by Reddy MK, Alexander-Lindo RL, Nair MG.(6)
7. Myeloperoxidase and hypochlorous acid
In
the evaluation of Hypochlorous acid (HOCl), the most powerful oxidant
produced by human neutrophils and contribution to the damage caused by
these inflammatory cells, produced from H2O2 and chloride by the heme
enzyme myeloperoxidase (MPO), found that at pH 7.0 and 25 degrees C.
Formation of ferric (native) MPO from compound II occurs with a
second-order rate constant of (1.1+/-0.1) x 10(5) M(-1) s(-1) (betanin)
and (2.9+/-0.1) x 10(5) M(-1) s(-1) (indicaxanthin), respectively. In
addition, both betalains
can effectively scavenge hypochlorous acid with determined rates of
(1.8+/-0.2) x 10(4) M(-1) s(-1) (betanin) and (7.7+/-0.1) x 10(4) M(-1)
s(-1) (indicaxanthin) at pH 7.0 and 25 degrees C., according to "Mechanism of interaction of betanin and indicaxanthin with human myeloperoxidase and hypochlorous acid" by Allegra M, Furtmüller PG, Jantschko W, Zederbauer M, Tesoriere L, Livrea MA, Obinger C.(7)
8. Chemoprevention of lung and skin cancer
In
the study of the in vitro inhibitory effect of Beta vulgaris (beet)
root extract on Epstein-Barr virus early antigen (EBV-EA) induction
using Raji cells revealed a high order of activity compared to
capsanthin, cranberry, red onion skin and short and long red bell
peppers, indicated that an in vivo anti-tumor promoting activity
evaluation against the mice skin and lung bioassays also revealed a
significant tumor inhibitory effect. The combined findings suggest that
beetroot ingestion can be one of the useful means to prevent cancer,
according to "Chemoprevention of lung and skin cancer by Beta vulgaris (beet) root extract" by Kapadia GJ, Tokuda H, Konoshima T, Nishino H.(8)
9. Healthy additives
In
a short-term bioassay was used to determine the ability of red-beet
betalain pigments to initiate or promote hepatocarcinogenesis in rat
liver, found that Comparison of the results obtained for the
experimental groups with those for positive and negative control groups
indicated that the betacyanin pigments tested in this assay did not
initiate or promote hepatocarcinogenesis in rat liver. These findings
provide further evidence that betalain colourants may be viable
alternatives for synthetic dyes currently used as food additives,
according to "Inability of red beet betalain pigments to initiate or promote hepatocarcinogenesis" by Schwartz SJ, von Elbe JH, Pariza MW, Goldsworthy T, Pitot HC.(9)
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Sources
(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17482444
(2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22076941
(3) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19840838
(4) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19840838
(5) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17071510
(6) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16277432
(7) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15913556
(8) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8620443
(9) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6140212
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