Petunidin, a dark-red or purple water-soluble pigment,
is an anthocyanins (flavonals), in the group of Flavonoids
(polyphenols), found abundantly in many redberries and some species of
grape, etc.
Health Benefits
1. Antioxidants
In
the investigation of a newly developed nongenetically modified purple
tomato V118 was investigated for its phytochemical compositions and
antioxidant activities, found that three major anthocyanins, which were
mainly acylglycosides of petunidin and malvidin. This
study showed that purple tomatoes such as V118 possess additional
phytochemicals like anthocyanins, which can potentially have added
health benefits, according to "Characterization of phytochemicals and antioxidant activities of a purple tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)" by Li H, Deng Z, Liu R, Young JC, Zhu H, Loewen S, Tsao R.(1)
2. Anti diabetes
In
the determination of the methanolic extracts of whole fruit and skin of
the muscadine and theirs effect on the α-glucosidase with their IC(50)
values at 1.50 and 2.73 mg/mL, and those against the lipase at 16.90 and
11.15 mg/mL, respectively, showed that that the muscadine extracts
possessed strong antidiabetic activities. Particularly, the ethyl
acetate (EtoAc) extract and the butanol (BuOH) extract exhibited much
higher inhibitory activities against both enzymes than the CHCl(3) and
water extracts, while the majority of anthocyanins existed in the BuOH
fractions. Moreover, cyanidin exhibited a much stronger antidiabetic
activity than cyanidin-3,5-diglucoside, suggesting that anthocyanins may
have higher inhibitory activities after being digested. Further
chromatographic analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography-mass
spectrometry identified five individual anthocyanins, including
cyanidin, delphinidin, petunidin, peonidin, and malvidin glycosides, according to "Inhibitory effects of muscadine anthocyanins on α-glucosidase and pancreatic lipase activities" by You Q, Chen F, Wang X, Luo PG, Jiang Y.(2)
3. Antioxidant and Eye strain
In
the registration of New red leaf tea cultivar 'Sunrouge' (Camellia
taliensis × Camellia sinensis), for which an application of an
anthocyanin-rich tea was made in 2009, found that the four anthocyanins
were identified were
delphinidin-3-O-β-D-(6-(E)-p-coumaroyl)galactopyranoside (2),
delphinidin-3-O-β-D-(6-(E)-p-coumaroyl)glucopyranoside (3),
cyanidin-3-O-β-D-(6-(E)-p-coumaroyl)galactopyranoside (4), and
cyanidin-3-O-β-D-(6-(E)-p-coumaroyl)glucopyranoside (5), and the other
two were estimated as delphinidin-(Z)-p-coumaroylgalactopyranoside (1),
petunidin-(E)-p-coumaroylgalactopyranoside (6). Compound 3 was found in
tea for the first time. In general, anthocyanins have various
bioactivities, including relieving eyestrain and antioxidative effects,
so it is expected that drinking 'Sunrouge' tea brings in similar
bioactivities, according to "Anthocyanins from new red leaf tea 'Sunrouge'" by Saito T, Honma D, Tagashira M, Kanda T, Nesumi A, Maeda-Yamamoto M.(3)
4. Oxidative stress
In
the analyzing procyanidins B1, B2, and A2 identified by UPLC/ESI-MS(2)
along with the presence of other flavanol oligomers, showed that
processing induced the release of large amounts of aglycones for ferulic
acid, p-coumaric acid, and quercetin. The described anthocyanic
composition of lingonberry was completed with hexoside derivatives of
peonidin, petunidin, malvidin, and delphinidin. Besides confirmation of
in vitro antioxidant activity, in vivo study was performed on rats fed a
diet inducing oxidative stress. Supplementation with lingonberry
extract significantly decreased the total oxidant status and favorably
affected antioxidant defense enzymes in red blood cells and liver,
according to "Food grade lingonberry extract: polyphenolic composition and in vivo protective effect against oxidative stress" by
Mane C, Loonis M, Juhel C, Dufour C, Malien-Aubert C.(4)
5. Anti cancers
In
the evaluation the anti cancers effect of extracted Vaccinium
uliginosum Anthocyanins (A(V.uli)), a type of blueberry found in the
Chinese Changbai Mountains, found that The optimum process of A(V.uli)
extraction involved conditions of temperature 20°C, pH 2.0, and
diatomaceous earth 1.0 g/50 g of fruit weight. A(V.uli) contained 5 main
components: delphinidin (40.70 ± 1.72)%, cyanidin (3.40 ± 0.68)%,
petunidin (17.70 ± 0.54)%, peonidin (2.90 ± 0.63)% and malvidin (35.50 ±
1.11)%. The malvidin percentage was significantly higher (P < 0.05)
than it in A(V.myr). A(V.uli) complied with a dose-dependent repression
of cancer cell proliferation with an IC(50) (50% inhibitory
concentration) value of 50 µg/ml, and showed greater anticancer
efficiency than A(L.cae) and A(V.myr) under the same cell treatment
conditions, according to "Anthocyanins extracted from Chinese blueberry (Vaccinium uliginosum L.) and its anticancer effects on DLD-1 and COLO205 cells" by
Zu XY, Zhang ZY, Zhang XW, Yoshioka M, Yang YN, Li J.(5)
6. Liver cancer
In
the identication, if the anthocyanins (delphinidin-3,5-diglucoside:
cyanidin-3,5-diglucoside: petunidin-3,5-diglucoside:
delphinidin-3-glucoside: malvdin-3,5-diglucoside:
peonidin-3,5-diglucoside: cyanidin-3-glucoside: petunidin-3-glucoside:
peonidin-3- glucoside: malvidin-3- glucoside =
27:63:8.27:1:2.21:2.21:6.7:1.25:5.72:1.25) [corrected] isolated from
meoru (Vitis coignetiae Pulliat) exerted antiproliferative and
anti-invasive and apoptotic effects on human hepatoma Hep3B cells, found
that the anthocyanins from meoru have antiproliferative and
anti-invasive effects and may induce apoptosis through the activation of
the mitochondrial pathway and inhibition of antiapoptotic proteins.
This study provides evidence that the anthocyanins isolated from meoru
might be useful in the treatment of human hepatitis B-associated
hepatoma, according to "Induction of apoptosis and inhibition of invasion in human hepatoma cells by anthocyanins from meoru" by Shin DY, Ryu CH, Lee WS, Kim DC, Kim SH, Hah YS, Lee SJ, Shin SC, Kang HS, Choi YH.(6)
7. Photoaging
In
the investigation of the capacity of anthocyanin-rich extract from bog
blueberry (ATH-BBe) to inhibit photoaging in UV-B-irradiated human
dermal fibroblasts. BBe anthocyanins were detected as
cyanidin-3-glucoside, petunidin-3-glucoside, malvidin-3-glucoside, and
delphinidin3-glucoside. ATH-BBe attenuated UV-B-induced toxicity
accompanying reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and the resultant
DNA damage responsible for activation of p53, found that ATH-BBe dampens
UV-B-triggered collagen destruction and inflammatory responses through
modulating NF-kappaB-responsive and MAPK-dependent pathways. Therefore,
anthocyanins from edible bog blueberry may be protective against
UV-induced skin photoaging, according to "Bog blueberry anthocyanins alleviate photoaging in ultraviolet-B irradiation-induced human dermal fibroblasts" by Bae JY, Lim SS, Kim SJ, Choi JS, Park J, Ju SM, Han SJ, Kang IJ, Kang YH.(7)
8. Breast cancer
In
the standardization of Jamun fruit extract (JFE) to anthocyanin content
using the pH differential method, and individual anthocyanins were
identified by high performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet
(HPLC-UV) and tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) methods, showed that
JFE contained 3.5% anthocyanins (as cyanidin-3-glucoside equivalents)
which occur as diglucosides of five anthocyanidins/aglycons:
delphinidin, cyanidin, petunidin, peonidin and malvidin, found that JFE
was most effective against MCF-7aro (IC(50) = 27 microg/mL), followed by
MDA-MB-231 (IC(50) = 40 microg/mL) breast cancer cells. Importantly,
JFE exhibited only mild antiproliferative effects against the normal
MCF-10A (IC(50) > 100 microg/mL) breast cells. Similarly, JFE (at 200
microg/mL) exhibited pro-apoptotic effects against the MCF-7aro.
9. Etc.
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Sources
(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21905736
(2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21797278
(3) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21480597
(4) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21375302
(5) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21034658
(6) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19723048
(7) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19199288
(8) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19166352
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