Vanillin is a phytochemical in
the class of phenolic acids, found abundantly in vanilla beans, cloves,
roasted coffee and the Chinese red pine, etc.
Health Benefits
1. Antioxidants
In
the investigation of examine the classification and concentration of
phenolic compounds, proanthocyanidins, and anthocyanins in 127 lines of
colored barley, found that the average content of phenolic compounds in
unhulled barley groups (268.6 microg/g) was higher than that in hulled
(207.0 microg/g) (P > 0.05). The proanthocyanidins content was
determined by modified vanillin
assay. The average content of proanthocyanidins was significantly
higher in purple and blue barley groups compared with black (P <
0.05), according to"Relationship between phenolic compounds, anthocyanins content and antioxidant activity in colored barley germplasm" by Kim MJ, Hyun JN, Kim JA, Park JC, Kim MY, Kim JG, Lee SJ, Chun SC, Chung IM(1)
2. Antibacterial activity
In the examination of the antibacterial activity of vanillin, ethyl vanillin,
and vanillic acid against seven Cronobacter spp. in quarter-strength
tryptic soy broth with 5 g/liter yeast extract (TSBYE) adjusted to pH
5.0, 6.0, and 7.0 at 10, 21, and 37°C.
found that the thermal
resistance of C. sakazakii was examined at 58°C in TSBYE supplemented
with MBCs of each compound at pH 5.0 and 6.0. D-values at pH 5.0 were
reduced from 14.56 ± 0.60 min to 0.93 ± 0.01, 0.63 ± 0.01, and 0.98 ±
0.02 min for vanillin, ethyl vanillin, and vanillic acid, respectively. These results suggest that vanillin, ethyl vanillin, and vanillic acid may be useful for the control of Cronobacter spp. in food during preparation and storage, according to "Effect of vanillin, ethyl vanillin, and vanillic acid on the growth and heat resistance of Cronobacter species" by Yemiş GP, Pagotto F, Bach S, Delaquis P.(2)
3. Antisickling activity
In the evaluation of in vitro with pyridyl derivatives of vanillin, including INN-312 and INN-298, showed as much as a 90-fold increased in antisickling activity compared with vanillin,
found that these compounds may act to prevent sickling of SS cells by
increasing the fraction of the soluble high-affinity Hb S and/or by
stereospecific inhibition of deoxygenated Hb S polymerization,
according to "Crystallographic analysis
of human hemoglobin elucidates the structural basis of the potent and
dual antisickling activity of pyridyl derivatives of vanillin"
by Abdulmalik O, Ghatge MS, Musayev FN, Parikh A, Chen Q, Yang J,
Nnamani I, Danso-Danquah R, Eseonu DN, Asakura T, Abraham DJ, Venitz J,
Safo MK.(3)
4. Oxidative brain damage
In
the investigation of the degree of protection in brain tissue by the
levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), superoxide
dismutase, glutathione transferase, glutathione peroxidase and nitric
oxide (NO)the degree of protection in brain tissue was evaluated by the
levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), superoxide
dismutase, glutathione transferase, glutathione peroxidase and nitric
oxide (NO), found that Vanillin
showed a significant brain-protective effect by decreasing the level
of lipid peroxidation and NO(2) and elevated the activities of
antioxidative enzymes and level of GSH. Consequently vanillin blocked oxidative brain damage induced by CCl(4) in rats, according to "Protective effect of vanillin against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced oxidative brain injury in rats" by Makni M, Chtourou Y, Barkallah M, Fetoui H.(4)
5. Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective properties
In the evaluation of the protective effects of vanillin against carbon tetrachoride (CCl(4))-induced hepatotoxicity in rat, found that pretreatment with vanillin
prior the administration of CCl(4) significantly prevented the
decrease of protein synthesis and the increase in plasma alanine (ALT)
and aspartate (AST) aminotransferases. Furthermore, it inhibited
hepatic lipid peroxidation (MDA) and protein carbonyl (PCO) formation
and attenuated the (CCl(4))-mediated depletion of antioxidant enzyme
catalase and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities and glutathione level
(GSH) in the liver. In addition, vanillin
markedly attenuated the expression levels of pro-inflammatory
cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β
(IL-1β) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) and prevented CCl(4)-induced hepatic
cell alteration and necrosis, as indicated by liver histopathology,
according to "Evaluation of the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective properties of vanillin in carbon tetrachloride-treated rats" by Makni M, Chtourou Y, Fetoui H, Garoui el M, Boudawara T, Zeghal N.(5)
6. Antimicrobial activities
In
the investigation of Antimicrobial activity of propolis oil extract
from raw material harvested in Lithuania in experimental studies in
vitro, and determination of the minimal concentration of phenolic
compounds that inhibited respective microorganisms, found that phenolic
compounds have effective antimicrobial activity in propolis oil
extract; thus, it can be compatible with the semisolid preparation,
according to "Propolis oil extract: quality analysis and evaluation of its antimicrobial activity" by Ramanauskienė K, Inkėnienė AM.(6)
7. Colorectal cancer
In
the investigation of the toxicity of salicylates, the sensitivity of
the DNA mismatch repair proficient SW480 human colorectal cancer cell
line and testing four categories of compounds with varying degrees of
structural similarity to acetylsalicylic acid. These compounds were:
i) salicylic acid analogues with substituents at the 5-position; ii)
ASA analogues with extended chain lengths in the acyl group; iii) vanillin (4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde; and iv) bis(2-carboxyphenyl) succinate (BCS) and structurally similar derivatives thereof.
found that vanillin
exhibited relatively limited toxicity against the SW480 colorectal
cancer cell line. Commercially available and in-house synthesised BCS
(diaspirin) were notably more inhibitory to cell growth than ASA itself,
yet retained substantial specificity against colorectal cancer cell
lines vs. non-colorectal cancer cell lines, according to "Activity of aspirin analogues and vanillin in a human colorectal cancer cell line" by Deb J, Dibra H, Shan S, Rajan S, Manneh J, Kankipati CS, Perry CJ, Nicholl ID.(7)
8. Etc.
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Sources
(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22278383
(2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22186046
(3) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22101818
(4) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21986887
(5) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21777577
(6) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21714730
(7) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21617874
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