Peonidin is an anthocyanins
(flavonals), in the group of Flavonoids (polyphenols), found
abundantly in bilberry, blueberry, cherry, cranberry, peach, grape, etc.
Health Benefits
1. Lung cancer
In the demonstration of peonidin
3-glucoside (P3G) could significantly inhibit the invasion (P <
0.001), motility (P < 0.05), secretion of matrix metalloproteinase
(MMP)-2, MMP-9, and urokinase-type plasminogen activator (u-PA) of lung
cancer cells, found that the inhibitory effects of P3G may be at least
partly through inactivation of ERK 1/2 and AP-1 signaling pathways as
confirmed by abolishment of P3G-inhibited H1299 cell invasion by
overexpression of MAPK kinase 1 (MEK1). Finally, P3G was evidenced by
its inhibition on the metastasis of Lewis lung carcinoma cells in vivo
(P < 0.001), according to "Peonidin 3-glucoside inhibits lung cancer metastasis by downregulation of proteinases activities and MAPK pathway" by Ho ML, Chen PN, Chu SC, Kuo DY, Kuo WH, Chen JY, Hsieh YS.(1)
2. Cognitive and motor functions
In
the investigation of the fractions extracted using methanol (MEOH) and
ethanol (ETOH) were particularly rich in anthocyanins such as cyanidin,
delphinidin, malvidin, pelargonidin, and peonidin,
and their effect on age-related diseases of the brain compromise
memory, learning, and movement, found that the protection of microglial
cells by açai pulp extracts, particularly that of MEOH, ETOH, and ACE
fractions, was also accompanied by a significant
concentration-dependent reduction in cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), p38
mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38-MAPK), tumor necrosis factor-α
(TNFα), and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB). The current study offers
valuable insights into the protective effects of açai pulp fractions on
brain cells, which could have implications for improved cognitive and
motor functions, according to "Anthocyanin-rich
Açai ( Euterpe oleracea Mart.) Fruit Pulp Fractions Attenuate
Inflammatory Stress Signaling in Mouse Brain BV-2 Microglial Cells" by Poulose SM, Fisher DR, Larson J, Bielinski DF, Rimando AM, Carey AN, Schauss AG, Shukitt-Hale B.(2)
3. Diabetes
In
the examination of the inhibitory effects of the Noble muscadine grape
extracts and the representative phytochemicals for anthocyanins (i.e.,
cyanidin and cyanidin-3,5-diglucoside) on two enzymes, that is,
α-glucosidase and pancreatic lipase, found that the ethyl acetate
(EtoAc) extract and the butanol (BuOH) extract exhibited much higher
inhibitory activities against both enzymes than the CHCl(3) and water
extracts, while the majority of anthocyanins existed in the BuOH
fractions. Moreover, cyanidin exhibited a much stronger antidiabetic
activity than cyanidin-3,5-diglucoside, suggesting that anthocyanins
may have higher inhibitory activities after being digested. Further
chromatographic analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography-mass
spectrometry identified five individual anthocyanins, including
cyanidin, delphinidin, petunidin, peonidin, and malvidin glycosides. according to "Inhibitory effects of muscadine anthocyanins on α-glucosidase and pancreatic lipase activities" by You Q, Chen F, Wang X, Luo PG, Jiang Y.(3)
4. Antioxidants
In
the investigation of BSSCs of 60 Chinese varieties examined for
phenolic contents, anthocyanin profiles, and antioxidant activity.
Total phenolic and condensed tannin contents ranged from 512.2 to
6057.9 mg gallic acid equivalents/100 g and from 137.2 to 1741.1 mg
(+)-catechin equivalents/100 g, respectively. Six anthocyanins
(delphinidin-3-glucoside, cyanidin-3-galactoside, cyanidin-3-glucoside,
petunidin-3-glucoside, peonidin-3-glucoside,
and malvidin-3-glucoside) were detected by HPLC, found that antioxidant
properties detected by DPPH, FRAP, and ORAC methods all showed wide
variations ranging from 4.8 to 65.3 μg/100 mL (expressed as EC(50)),
from 17.5 to 105.8 units/g, and from 42.5 to 1834.6 μmol Trolox
equivalent/g, respectively. Sixty varieties were classified into four
groups by hierarchical clustering analysis, and group 4 consisting of
nine varieties had the highest phytochemicals content and antioxidant
activity, according to "Phenolic composition and antioxidant activity in seed coats of 60 Chinese black soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) varieties" by Zhang RF, Zhang FX, Zhang MW, Wei ZC, Yang CY, Zhang Y, Tang XJ, Deng YY, Chi JW.(4)
5. Hypercholesterolemia and cardiovascular disease
In
the evaluation of the effect of white and black rice consumption on
lipid profile, hydroperoxides, thiobarbituric reactive substances and
oxidized low-density lipoprotein (LDL) induced by hypercholesterolemia
was investigated in 24 male rabbits, found that serum high-density
lipoprotein-cholesterol was higher (P < 0.05) in the PCBR compared
with the PC and PCWR groups. Hydroperoxides and thiobarbituric reactive
substances were significantly lower (P < 0.05) in the PCBR compared
with PCWR and PC groups. Cyanidin-3-glucoside (Cy-3-Glu) and peonidin-3-glucoside have been tested in vitro against copper-mediated low-density lipoprotein. Cy-3-Glu was excelled peonidin-3-glucoside by increasing the lag time of NC from 80 to 500 minutes in the presence of 2.0 μM of Cy-3-Glu, according to "Switching to black rice diets modulates low-density lipoprotein oxidation and lipid measurements in rabbits" by Abdel-Moemin AR.(5)
6. Antimicrobial activity
In
the examination of the accumulation of phenolic compounds and
anthocyanins in berries of European cranberry, including anthocyanin peonidin-3-galactoside
and to assess their antibacterial activity, found that Investigation
of the antimicrobial properties showed that European cranberry extracts
inhibited the growth of wide range of human pathogenic bacteria, both
gram-negative (Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium) and
gram-positive (Enterococcus faecalis, Listeria monocytogenes,
Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus subtilis), according to "Phenolics and anthocyanins in berries of European cranberry and their antimicrobial activity" by Cesoniene L, Jasutiene I, Sarkinas A.(6)
7. Breast cancer
In
the investigation of the antiproliferative and pro-apoptotic effects of
JFE in estrogen dependent/aromatase positive (MCF-7aro), and estrogen
independent (MDA-MB-231) breast cancer cells, found that JFE contained
3.5% anthocyanins (as cyanidin-3-glucoside equivalents) which occur as
diglucosides of five anthocyanidins/aglycons: delphinidin, cyanidin,
petunidin, peonidin
and malvidin. In the proliferation assay, JFE was most effective
against MCF-7aro (IC(50) = 27 microg/mL), followed by MDA-MB-231 (IC(50)
= 40 microg/mL) breast cancer cells. Importantly, JFE exhibited only
mild antiproliferative effects against the normal MCF-10A (IC(50) >
100 microg/mL) breast cells, according to "Eugenia
jambolana Lam. berry extract inhibits growth and induces apoptosis of
human breast cancer but not non-tumorigenic breast cells" by Li L, Adams LS, Chen S, Killian C, Ahmed A, Seeram NP.(7)
8. Etc.
Chinese Secrets To Fatty Liver And Obesity Reversal
Use The Revolutionary Findings To Achieve
Optimal Health And Loose Weight
Super foods Library, Eat Yourself Healthy With The Best of the Best Nature Has to Offer
Back to Popular Herbs http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/p/popular-herbs.html
Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca
Sources
(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20432172
(2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22224493
(3) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21797278
(4) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21548651
(5) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21289511
(6) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20173403
(7) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19166352
No comments:
Post a Comment