Ferulic acid is a phytochemical in the class of Hydroxycinnamic acids, found abundantly in cinnamon, aloe. etc.
Health Benefits
1. Skin Photoprotection
In the examination of the effects of a topical antioxidant mixture consisting of vitamin C, ferulic acid,
and phloretin on attenuating the harmful effects of UV irradiation on
normal healthy volunteers were studied using biomarkers of skin damage,
found that the protective role of a unique mixture of antioxidants
containing vitamin C, ferulic acid,
and phloretin on human skin from the harmful effects of UV
irradiation. Phloretin, in addition to being a potent antioxidant, may
stabilize and increase the skin availability of topically applied
vitamin C and ferulic acid.
We propose that antioxidant mixture will complement and synergize with
sunscreens in providing photoprotection for human skin, according to "Protective effects of a topical antioxidant mixture containing vitamin C, ferulic acid, and phloretin against ultraviolet-induced photodamage in human skin" by Oresajo C, Stephens T, Hino PD, Law RM, Yatskayer M, Foltis P, Pillai S, Pinnell SR.(1)
2. Hearing loss
In the examination of the effect of ferulic acid
(FA), a phenolic compound and their effect of noise-induced hearing
loss, found that FA-induced improvement of auditory function was
counteracted by the HO inhibitor zinc-protoporphyrin-IX and paralleled
the time-course of HO-1 induction over 3-7 days. These results confirm
the antioxidant properties of FA as free-radical scavenger and suggest a
role of HO-1 as an additional mediator against noise-induced
ototoxicity, according to "In vivo protective effect of ferulic acid against noise-induced hearing loss in the guinea-pig" by Fetoni AR, Mancuso C, Eramo SL, Ralli M, Piacentini R, Barone E, Paludetti G, Troiani D(2)
3. Antioxidant effects
In
the examination of both qualitative and quantitative analyses of the
major phenolic compounds in barley and flaxseed hulls were conducted
using reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with
photodiode array detection and quadrupole time-of-flight mass
spectrometry found that Ferulic acid,
p-coumaric acid, vanillic acid and vanillin were identified and
quantified in four barley hull samples. Four ferulate dehydrodimers were
also detected. The phenolic compounds of flaxseed hull were distinct
from those of barley hull. Three flaxseed hull samples varied
significantly (P < 0.05) in their contents of secoisolariciresinol
diglucoside (16.38-33.92 g kg(-1) ), coumaric acid glucoside
(35.68-49.22 g kg(-1) ) and ferulic acid
glucoside (5.07-15.23 g kg(-1) ) and barley and flaxseed hulls may be
utilised as potential sources of functional food ingredients through
extraction and concentration of the phytochemicals identified above,
according to "Qualitative and
quantitative analysis of the major phenolic compounds as antioxidants
in barley and flaxseed hulls using HPLC/MS/MS" by Hao M, Beta T.(3)
4. Antidepressant-like effect
In the verification of the possible antidepressant-like effect of acute oral administration of ferulic acid
in the forced swimming test (FST) and tail suspension test (TST) in
mice, found that the combination of fluoxetine (5mg/kg, p.o.),
paroxetine (0.1mg/kg, p.o.) or sertraline (1mg/kg, p.o.) with a
sub-effective dose of ferulic acid
(0.001mg/kg, p.o.) produced a synergistic antidepressant-like effect
in the TST, without causing hyperlocomotion in the open-field test.
Taken together, these results demonstrate that ferulic acid exerts antidepressant-like effect in the FST and TST in mice through modulation of the serotonergic system, according to "Ferulic acid exerts antidepressant-like effect in the tail suspension test in mice: Evidence for the involvement of the serotonergic system" by Zeni AL, Zomkowski AD, Maraschin M, Rodrigues AL, Tasca CI.(4)
5. Anti-aging effects
In
the evaluation of the anti-aging effects of the gel and cream
containing niosomes entrapped with the rice bran bioactive compounds.
The semi-purified rice bran extracts containing F, O, and P which
indicated the growth stimulation of human fibroblasts and the
inhibition of MMP-2 by sulforhodamine B and gelatin zymography,
respectively, were entrapped in niosomes by supercritical carbon dioxide
fluid (scCO(2)) and incorporated in gel and cream formulations.
found
that these formulations also demonstrated higher hydration enhancement
and improvement of skin lightening, thickness, roughness, and
elasticity on the skin of 30 human volunteers within the 28-day
treatment not more than 9, 27, 7, 3, and 3 times, respectively.
Discussion and conclusions: The formulations containing niosomes
entrapped with the rice bran bioactive compounds gave superior clinical
anti-aging activity which can be applied as a novel skin product,
according to "Anti-aging efficacy of topical formulations containing niosomes entrapped with rice bran bioactive compounds" by Manosroi A, Chutoprapat R, Abe M, Manosroi W, Manosroi J.(5)
6. Neuroprotective effect
In the investigation of whether ferulic acid
demonstration of neuroprotective effect through the activation of Akt
and its downstream targets, Bad and 14-3-3, found that that ferulic acid
attenuates cell death during MCAO and that these protective effects
are due to inhibition of Akt signaling pathway inactivation and
maintenance of the interaction between phospho-Bad and 14-3-3,
according to "Ferulic acid prevents the cerebral ischemic injury-induced decrease of Akt and Bad phosphorylation" by Koh PO.(6)
7. Chronic kidney disease (CKD)
In the study of the effect of ferulic acid
(FA) and gallic acid (GA) in treatment of chronic kidney disease (CKD),
found that The inhibitory effects of FA and GA on MMP-2 were very
comparable. GA suppressed MMP-2 more effectively than FA in DRCKD rats.
Both FA and GA induced SOD elevation and MDA elimination. In DRCKD
rats, Western blot analysis indicated that FA further up-regulated
CD34, α-SMA, tissue pDGFR, p-PDGFR, and TGF-β; and down-regulated
p-PI3K, and p-Akt. Since both PDGF-BB and TGF-β are considered to
induce kidney prefibrosis stage, GA was proved to be more beneficial in
this regard, according to "Ferulic acid is nephrodamaging while gallic acid is renal protective in long term treatment of chronic kidney disease" by Peng CC, Hsieh CL, Wang HE, Chung JY, Chen KC, Peng RY.(7)
8. Neurodegenerative disorders
In
the investigation of Oxidative stress involved in the onset,
progression and pathogenesis of a number of diseases including
neurodegenerative diseases for the development from a pharmacological
approach to combat oxidative stress which may reduce the risk of
diseases and help in promoting healthy life, indicated that the
protective role of ferulic acid
(4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamic acid) (FA), a naturally occurring
antioxidant compound found in fruit, some vegetables, and grains, and
its ethyl ester derivative are discussed with respect to
neurodegeneration. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled:
Antioxidants and Antioxidant Treatment in Disease, according to "Ferulic acid ethyl ester as a potential therapy in neurodegenerative disorders" by Sultana R.(8)
9. Diabetes
In the investigation of ferulic acid
(FA) known as anti-oxidative agent effect on diabetic nephropathy by
anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory mechanism, found that in renal
histopathology, FA-treated OLETF rats showed decreased glomerular
basement membrane thickness, glomerular volume, and mesangial matrix
expansion. FA treatment decreased oxidative stress markers and MCP-1
levels in 24 h urine of rats and supernatants of cultured podocyte. FA
have protective and therapeutic effects on diabetic nephropathy by
reducing oxidative stress and inflammation, according to "Effects of ferulic acid on diabetic nephropathy in a rat model of type 2 diabetes" by Choi R, Kim BH, Naowaboot J, Lee MY, Hyun MR, Cho EJ, Lee ES, Lee EY, Yang YC, Chung CH.(9)
10. Cytotoxic effects
In
the study of the first synthesis of 1-O-feruloyl-secoisolariciresinol,
1,4-O-diferuloyl-secoisolariceresinol and their analogues and theirs
cytotoxicities against several cancer cell lines,
found that the
feruloyl diester derivative of secoisolariciresinol was the most active
cytotoxic compound against all the cancer cells tested in this
experiment. The IC(50) values of
the1,4-O-diferuloyl-secoisolariceresinol were in the range of 7.1-9.8μM
except one cell line. In considering that both ferulic acid
and secoisolariciresinol are commonly found in many plants and have no
cytotoxicity, this finding is remarkable in that simple covalent bonds
between the ferulic acid and secoisolariciresinol cause a cytotoxic effect, according to "Synthesis and evaluation of cytotoxic effects of hanultarin and its derivatives" by Lee E, Ahamed VS, Kumar MS, Rhee SW, Moon SS, Hong IS.(10)
11. Etc.
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Sources
(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19146606
(2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20600667
(3) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22278383
(4) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22266492
(5) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22235888
(6) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22200499
(7) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22154988
(8) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22064438
(9) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21975281
(10) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21958542
Health Researcher and Article Writer. Expert in Health Benefits of Foods, Herbs, and Phytochemicals. Master in Mathematics & Nutrition and BA in World Literature and Literary criticism. All articles written by Kyle J. Norton are for information & education only.
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