Pterostilbene is a phytochemical in the class of Stilbenoids, found abundantly in grapes, blueberries, etc.
Health Benefits
1. Colon cancer
In the identification of the chemopreventive potential of pterostilbene with colonic tumor formation as an end point and further to evaluate the mechanistic action of pterostilbene during colon carcinogenesis, found that Colon tumors from pterostilbene-fed
animals showed reduced expression of inflammatory markers as well as
nuclear staining for phospho-p65, a key molecule in the nuclear
factor-kappaB pathway. In HT-29 cells, pterostilbene
reduced the protein levels of beta-catenin, cyclin D1 and c-MYC,
altered the cellular localization of beta-catenin and inhibited the
phosphorylation of p65, according to "Dietary intake of pterostilbene, a constituent of blueberries, inhibits the beta-catenin/p65 downstream signaling pathway and colon carcinogenesis in rats' by Paul S, DeCastro AJ, Lee HJ, Smolarek AK, So JY, Simi B, Wang CX, Zhou R, Rimando AM, Suh N.(1)
2. Antioxidant effect
In the study of the antioxidant activities of trans-resveratrol, pterostilbene
and quercetin, and the effect of their combination were investigated
in human erythrocytes in vitro, found that Resveratrol was
significantly less effective. However, the three compounds protected
the erythocytes against hemolysis and GSH (reduced glutathione)
depletion to the same extent. Combinations consisting of two compounds
(molar ratio 1:1) influenced lipid peroxidation in a
concentration-dependent manner. At lower concentrations, resveratrol
with quercetin or pterostilbene
inhibited synergistically the oxidative injury of membrane lipids At
higher concentrations, an additive effect was observed, according to "Antioxidant effect of trans-resveratrol, pterostilbene, quercetin and their combinations in human erythrocytes in vitro" by Mikstacka R, Rimando AM, Ignatowicz E.(2)
3. Breast cancer
In
the study of receptor pathways- estrogen receptor (ER) and tyrosine
kinase receptors, especially the epidermal growth factor receptor
(EGFR) family and theirs effects on cell-proliferation and in the
development of both primary and recurrent breast cancer,
indicated
that there is strong evidence to show that several phytochemicals
present in berries such as cyanidin, delphinidin, quercetin,
kaempferol, ellagic acid, resveratrol and pterostilbene, interact with and alter the effects of these pathways, according to " Influence of Berry-Polyphenols on Receptor Signaling and Cell-Death Pathways: Implications for Breast Cancer Prevention" by Aiyer H, Warri AM, Woode DR, Hilakivi-Clarke L, Clarke R.(3)
4. Anti-adipogenic effects
In the assessment of the effects of garcinol and pterostilbene on cell proliferation and adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells, found that garcinol and pterostilbene caused an inhibition of lipid accumulation in the 3T3-L1 adipocyte differentiation phase. Garcinol and pterostilbene
also significantly up-regulated the gene expression of adiponectin as
well as down-regulated the gene expressions of leptin, resistin, and
fatty acid synthase (FAS) in 3T3-L1 adipocyte differentiation. In 3T3-L1
adipocytes, garcinol significantly down-regulated the protein
expressions of PPARĪ³ and FAS as well as up-regulated the protein
expressions of adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) and adiponectin,
according to "Inhibitory effects of garcinol and pterostilbene on cell proliferation and adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells" by Hsu CL, Lin YJ, Ho CT, Yen GC.(4)
5. Aging and Alzheimer's disease
In the investigation of resveratrol and pterostilbene,
a resveratrol derivative, in the protection against age-related
diseases including Alzheimer's disease (AD), found that two months of pterostilbene
diet but not resveratrol significantly improved radial arm water maze
function in SAMP8 compared with control-fed animals. Neither
resveratrol nor pterostilbene
increased sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) expression or downstream markers of
sirtuin 1 activation. Importantly, markers of cellular stress,
inflammation, and AD pathology were positively modulated by pterostilbene
but not resveratrol and were associated with upregulation of
peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) alpha expression,
according to "Low-dose pterostilbene,
but not resveratrol, is a potent neuromodulator in aging and
Alzheimer's disease" by Chang J, Rimando A, Pallas M, Camins A, Porquet
D, Reeves J, Shukitt-Hale B, Smith MA, Joseph JA, Casadesus G.(5)
6. Cholesterol
In the investigation of whether resveratrol and its three analogues (pterostilbene,
piceatannol, and resveratrol trimethyl ether) would activate the
peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha) isoform,
found that the maximal luciferase activity responses to pterostilbene
were higher than those obtained with the hypolipidemic drug,
ciprofibrate (33910 and 19460 relative luciferase units, respectively),
at 100 microM. Hypercholesterolemic hamsters fed with pterostilbene
at 25 ppm of the diet showed 29% lower plasma low density lipoprotein
(LDL) cholesterol, 7% higher plasma high density lipoprotein (HDL)
cholesterol, and 14% lower plasma glucose as compared to the control
group. The LDL/HDL ratio was also statistically significantly lower for pterostilbene, as compared to results for the control animals, at this diet concentration, according to "Pterostilbene,
a new agonist for the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor
alpha-isoform, lowers plasma lipoproteins and cholesterol in
hypercholesterolemic hamsters" by Rimando AM, Nagmani R, Feller DR, Yokoyama W.(6)
7. Atherosclerosis
In
the determination of the effect of Pterostilbene (PT) on Vascular
endothelial cell (VEC) apoptosis, the main event occurring during the
development of atherosclerosis, found that Cotreatment with PT and siRNA
of LOX-1 synergistically reduced oxLDL-induced apoptosis in HUVECs.
Overexpression of LOX-1 attenuated the protection by PT and suppressed
the effects of PT on oxLDL-induced oxidative stress. PT may protect
HUVECs against oxLDL-induced apoptosis by downregulating LOX-1-mediated
activation through a pathway involving oxidative stress, p53,
mitochondria, cytochrome c and caspase protease. PT might be a
potential natural anti-apoptotic agent for the treatment of
atherosclerosis, according to "Pterostilbene protects vascular endothelial cells against oxidized low-density lipoprotein-induced apoptosis in vitro and in vivo" by Zhang L, Zhou G, Song W, Tan X, Guo Y, Zhou B, Jing H, Zhao S, Chen L.(7)
8. Adjuvant arthritis
In the evaluation of the effects of pinosylvin (PIN) and pterostilbene
(PTE), natural substances from the stilbenoid group, on the development
of adjuvant arthritis in rats, found that the effect of PTE on CL was
only partial. PIN, on the other hand, had a beneficial
anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effect on oxidative stress induced
biochemical changes occurring in AA, as determined by all three
functional parameters, according to "In vivo effect of pinosylvin and pterostilbene in the animal model of adjuvant arthritis" by Macickova T, Drabikova K, Nosal R, Bauerova K, Mihalova D, Harmatha J, Pecivova J.(8)
9. Bladder cancer
In the study of Pterostilbene
(PT), a naturally occurring phytoalexin, and its effects in a variety
of pharmacologic activities, including antioxidant, cancer prevention
activity and cytotoxicity to many cancers, found that PT causes
autophagy in cancer cells and suggests that PT could serve as a new and
promising agent for the treatment of sensitive and chemoresistant
bladder cancer cells, according to "Pterostilbene induces autophagy and apoptosis in sensitive and chemoresistant human bladder cancer cells" by Chen RJ, Ho CT, Wang YJ.(9)
10. Anti-inflammatory effects
In the examination of the molecular mechanisms of the action of pterostilbene in colon cancer,
indicated
that A combination of cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-alpha,
IFN-gamma, and bacterial endotoxin lipopolysaccharide) induced
inflammation-related genes such as inducible nitric oxide synthase and
cyclooxygenase-2, which was significantly suppressed by treatment with pterostilbene. We further identified upstream signaling pathways contributing to the anti-inflammatory activity of pterostilbene
by investigating multiple signaling pathways, including nuclear
factor-kappaB, Janus-activated kinase-signal transducer and activator of
transcription, extracellular signal-regulated kinase, p38, c-Jun
NH(2)-terminal kinase, and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, according to "Anti-inflammatory action of pterostilbene is mediated through the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway in colon cancer cells" by Paul S, Rimando AM, Lee HJ, Ji Y, Reddy BS, Suh N.(10)
11. Etc.
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Sources
(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20061362
(2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20108046
(3) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22300613
(4) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22094440
(5) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21982274
(6) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15853379
(7) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21928089
(8) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21187826
(9) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20603834
(10) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19549798
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