Silybin is aslo known as Silibinin (INN), the major active ingredient of silymarin, a flavanone, found in the milk thistle seeds.
Health Benefits
1. Anti cancers
In the investigation of the synthesis of various silybin
monogalloyl esters and its anti cancers effect found that the most
effective compound from this series (7-O-galloylsilybin) has also been
prepared from stereochemically pure silybins A and B to evaluate the
effect of stereochemistry on the activity. As with silybin itself, the B isomer of 7-O-galloylsilybin was more active than the A isomer, according to "Synthesis and antiangiogenic activity of new silybin galloyl esters" by Gažák R, Valentová K, Fuksová K, Marhol P, Kuzma M, Medina MÁ, Oborná I, Ulrichová J, Křen V.(1)
2. Antioxidants in vascular calcification
In the identification of natural antioxidants in the process of vascular calcification found that
Curcumin and silybin
were the more effective, inhibiting both reactive oxygen species (ROS)
increase and muscle cells (VSMCs) mineralization, according to "Natural antioxidants and vascular calcification: a possible benefit" by Roman-Garcia P, Barrio-Vazquez S, Fernandez-Martin JL, Ruiz-Torres MP, Cannata-Andia JB.(2)
3. Liver diseases
In
the observation of Silymarin from the milk thistle plant Silybum
marianum and its anti liver diseases effect found that the efficacy of
silymarin may be more readily observed in nonalcoholic fatty liver
disease (NAFLD) or hepatitis C virus (HCV) patients because of their
higher flavonolignan plasma concentrations and more extensive
enterohepatic cycling compared with those in HCV patients, according to
the study of "Differences in the Disposition of Silymarin between Patients with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Chronic Hepatitis C"
by Schrieber SJ, Hawke RL, Wen Z, Smith PC, Reddy KR, Wahed AS, Belle
SH, Afdhal NH, Navarro VJ, Meyers CM, Doo E, Fried MW.(3)
4. Anti-inflammatory effects
In
the evaluation of Silymarin, derived from milk thistle (Silybum
marianum). Milk thistle and its anti inflammatory effect in chronic
hepatitis C patient found that Silymarin exerts anti-inflammatory and
antiviral effects, and suggest that complementary and alternative
medicine-based approaches may assist in the management of patients with
chronic hepatitis C, according to "Inhibition of T-cell inflammatory cytokines, hepatocyte NF-kappaB signaling, and HCV infection by standardized Silymarin" by Polyak SJ, Morishima C, Shuhart MC, Wang CC, Liu Y, Lee DY.(4)
5. Prostate cancer
In
the analyzing silibinin, a polyphenolic flavonolignan derived from milk
thistle (Silybum marianium) and it effects in prostate cancer found
that 13 g of oral silybin-phytosome
daily, in 3 divided doses, appears to be well tolerated in patients
with advanced prostate cancer and is the recommended phase II dose.
Asymptomatic liver toxicity is the most commonly seen adverse event,
according to "A phase I and pharmacokinetic study of silybin-phytosome in prostate cancer patients" by Flaig TW, Gustafson DL, Su LJ, Zirrolli JA, Crighton F, Harrison GS, Pierson AS, Agarwal R, Glodé LM.(5)
6. Memory impairment
In
demonstration of silibinin and it effect in brain energy metabolism
found that pretreatment with silibinin (100 and 200mg/kg, po) attenuated
STZ induced memory impairment by reducing oxidative and nitrosative
stress and synaptosomal calcium ion level. Further, silibinin dose
dependently restored ATP level indicating improvement in brain energy
metabolism, according to "Improvement
of brain energy metabolism and cholinergic functions contributes to the
beneficial effects of silibinin against streptozotocin induced memory
impairment" by Tota S, Kamat PK, Shukla R, Nath C.(6)
7. Bladder cancer
In
the investigation of silibinin and it effect on bladder cancer found
that oral silibinin suppressed the growth of 5637 xenografts, which was
accompanied with the activation of caspase-3, downregulation of
survivin, and increased translocation of AIF. Furthermore, intravesical
silibinin effectively inhibited the carcinogenesis and progression of
bladder cancer in rats initiated by MNU by reducing the incidence of
superficial and invasive bladder lesions without any side effects, which
was accompanied with proapoptotic effects, according to
"Chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic effects of intravesical silibinin
against bladder cancer by acting on mitochondria" by Zeng J, Sun Y, Wu
K, Li L, Zhang G, Yang Z, Wang Z, Zhang D, Xue Y, Chen Y, Zhu G, Wang X,
He D.(7)
(8) Fibrosarcoma
In
the study of silibinin and it effects in fibrosarcoma HT1080 cells
found that silibinin-induced autophagy was a positive regulator of
apoptotic cell death, it was possible that reactive oxygen species
(ROS) and p38-NF-κB mediated silibinin-induced autophagy and eventually
led to cell death, according to "Silibinin activated ROS-p38-NF-κB positive feedback and induced autophagic death in human fibrosarcoma HT1080 cells" by Duan WJ, Li QS, Xia MY, Tashiro S, Onodera S, Ikejima T.(8)
9. Alzheimer's disease (AD)
In
the demonstration of silibinin and its effect on Aβ aggregation found
that silibinin prevented SH-SY5Y cells from injuries caused by
Aβ(1-42)-induced oxidative stress by decreasing H(2)O(2) production in
Aβ(1-42)-stressed neurons. Taken together, these results indicate that
silibinin may be a novel therapeutic agent for the treatment of AD,
according to "Silibinin: A novel inhibitor of Aβ aggregation" by Yin F, Liu J, Ji X, Wang Y, Zidichouski J, Zhang J.(9)
10. Breast cancer
in
the investigation of Silibinin, a natural flavonoid and its anti
breast cancer cell MCF7 and T47D found that apoptotic events in both
cell types differ temporally and also by magnitude that involved
mitochondrial and caspase-8 activation pathway. These results have
relevance in understanding silibinin treatment to breast tumor,
according to "Silibinin-induced
apoptosis in MCF7 and T47D human breast carcinoma cells involves
caspase-8 activation and mitochondrial pathway" by Tiwari P, Kumar A, Balakrishnan S, Kushwaha HS, Mishra KP.(10)
11. Acute Myeloid leukemia (AML)
in
the researcher of silibinin on proliferation and apoptosis in acute
myeloid leukemia cells found that the cross-talk mechanism mediated by
caspase-8-dependent Bid cleavage can contribute to the activation of
the intrinsic apoptotic pathway by curcumin + carnosic acid.
Collectively, these results suggest a mechanistic basis for the
potential use of dietary plant polyphenol combinations in the treatment
and prevention of AML, according to "Distinct
combinatorial effects of the plant polyphenols curcumin, carnosic
acid, and silibinin on proliferation and apoptosis in acute myeloid
leukemia cells" by Pesakhov S, Khanin M, Studzinski GP, Danilenko M.(11)
12. Etc.
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Sources
(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21928794
(2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21928237
(3) http://dmd.aspetjournals.org/content/early/2011/08/24/dmd.111.040212.abstract
(4) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17484885
(5) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17077998
(6) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21382422
(7) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21220495
(8) http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10286020.2010.540757?journalCode=ganp20
(9) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21185897
(10) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21166494
(11) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20661831
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