Kidney
Kidney is an essential
organ od our body, beside it is best known for its function in the
urinary system, it also regulates regulation of electrolytes, blood
pressure, maintains acid-base balance, produces hormone calcitriol, renin, and erythropoietin, etc.
In the urinary system, kidney filters blood with billions of glomeruli
by separating the cells of blood from plasma. As the plasma passing into
the tubules, some necessary substances are reabsorbed back into the
blood, while others waste, such as urea and ammonium are stored into pelvis then into the ureter to the bladder.
Renal cell carcinoma (Kidney cancer/renal cells)Renal
cell carcinoma is a type of kidney cancer caused by malignant cells of
the limning of the tubules in the kidney. It tends first to spread via
bloodstream and the second tumor generally found in the lung, but it may
also spread to lymph nodes and other organs as well.
Symptoms
Because
of less nervous in the kidney and location, the early stage of renal
cell carcinoma is very hard to detect. In some case, the tumor can grow
without causing any pain and discomfort.
1. Abdominal pain
Abdominal pain that is dull and constant lasting for hours
2. Back pain
Back pain that is dull and constant lasting for hours
3. Blood in urine
Due to beak off of the tumor in the tubules
4. Unintentional weight loss
Any intentional weigh loss over 10% is one of most common symptoms of cancer.
5. Flank pain is a sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in around the back and side of abdomen
6. Swelling and enlargement of abdomen
It happens to approximate 15% of all cases of renal cell carcinoma.
7. Anemia
Due to the cancer has affected the function of erythropoietin in production of hemoglobin.
8. Varicocele enlargement
Due to blockage of the left (right) testicular vein by tumor invasion of the left (right) renal vein.
9. Hypertension
Due to secretion of renin by the tumor
10. Etc.
Causes and risk factors
1. Gender
Men are twice at risk to develop renal cell carcinoma than women. It may be due smoking habit in men.
2. Aging
Onset
of renal cell carcinoma has a peak incidence in the 50 but today, the
disease has a tendency to effect the younger age population.
3. Smoking
Smoking increases the risk of renal cell carcinoma.
4. Obesity
Obesity
has been associated with an increased risk of renal cell cancer among
women, but in study by Br J Cancer. 2001 Sept 28;85(7):984-90 found that
there is no evidence of effect modification by sex. Our quantitative
summary shows that increased BMI is equally strongly associated with an
increased risk of renal cell cancer among men and women.
5. Diuretic and nondiuretic anti-hypertensive medication
Researcher
found that there was an increased risk associated with ever use of each
of the different classes of diuretic but the odds ratio was reduced to
1.1 after adjustment for hypertension. Nondiuretic antihypertensive use
was associated with a similarly increased risk of prior to adjustment
for hypertension
6. Family history
if one your direct family member has it, your risk of develop renal cell carcinoma increases
7. Chemical toxins
Exposure to certain environment chemical toxins may increase the risk of renal cell carcinoma.
8. Cystic kidney disease
This type of genetic disorder of the kidneys accompanied with renal deficiency can increase risk of developing of kidney cancer.
9. Von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) disease
Due to malignant transformation in multiple organ systems of the disease.
10. Etc.
Diagnosis and tests
1. Urinary test
It
is one of the first test that your doctor may order. Urinary test is to
check for blood in urine which can not be seen by the naked eye and
other infections.
2. Ultrasound
Ultrasound allows your doctor
to visualize the kidneys and around structures and to assess blood flow
to the kidneys as well as looking for any abnormal cells growth mass,
including cancer.
3. CT scan
A CT scan generates a large series of two-dimensional X-ray images taken around a single axis of rotation,
to create a three-dimensional picture of the inside of the body in
details.The pictures are viewed by your doctor to see the extent of the
tumors abnormalities, such as spreading of cancer to the nearby
structure and lymph nodes. This test is helped to determine whether
kidney abnormality is a cyst or a tumor.
4. Arteriogram
It is
done to assist the surgical planning. By using a special dye injected
through a catheter into into the kidney artery with the helps of a TV
monitor, X-ray images are taken as the dye moves through the blood
vessels to see the location of biggest arteries.
5. Blood chemistry
blood
chemistry is to check blood urea nitrogen and creatinine. If the
kidneys are not working properly, the levels of BUN will build up in the
blood. If creatinine are not functioning properly, creatinine can build
up in the bloodstream.
6. MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)
MRI
(magnetic resonance imaging is one of many advanced technology used to
visualize internal structures cross sectional imaging of your body used
effectively in providing the better details of the metastasis of cancer
in the kidney and surrounding areas.
7. Etc.
Grades of renal cell carcinoma
The
Grade of renal cell carcinoma is depending to the tendency of
spreading. Low grade cancers usually grow more slowly and are less
likely to spread while high grade cancer indicates otherwise.
Stages of renal cell carcinoma
1. Stage 0
Kidney
(renal cells) caner is classified as Stage 0, if the cancerous cell
have not penetrated in deeper tissue but in the surface of the kidney
lining.
2. Stage I
In stage I, The cancerous cells are no longer
in the surface but have invaded into deep kidney lining, but still
completely inside the kidney.
a. Stage IA1
The cancer is not ≤ 3 mm (1/8 inch) deep and ≤ 7 mm (1/4 inch) wide.
a.1. Stage IA1: The spreading is < 3mm(1/8 inch) deep and & less than 7mm (1/4 inch) wide.
a.2. Stage IA2: The invasion area is ≥ 3 mm but ≤ 5 mm (about 1/5 inch) deep and & less than 7 mm (about 1/4 inch) wide.
b. Stage IB: The cancer in this stage have invaded the connective tissue, & less than 5mm (1/5 inch).
b.1. Stage IB1: Cancer is 4 cm large (1 3/4 inches).
b.2. Stage IB2: Cancer is ≥ 4 cm (1 3/4 inches) but & less than 5cm (1/5 inch)
3. Stage II
In stage II, the cancerous cells have spread to distant tissues, but is still within the kidney.
4. Stage III
In this stage, cancerous cells has spread to the tissues immediately surrounding the kidney.
5. Stage IV
In stage IV is the most advance stage of renal cell carcinoma as cancerous cells have spread to the distant parts of the body
Preventions
A. How to avoid
1. Reduce intake of red meat
Researchers
found that beef, pork or lamb as a main dish and processed meats were
also associated with increased renal cell carcinoma. Red meats and
processed meats had a positive association with renal cell carcinoma
among males who had smoked or were overweight; among females this was
the case for hamburger only.
2, Quit smoking
Smoking has associated with the increased risk of renal cell carcinoma.
3. Reduce your weight if
Obesity
has been associated with an increased risk of renal cell cancer among
women, but in study by Br J Cancer. 2001 Sept. 28;85(7):984-90 found
that there is no evidence of effect modification by sex. Our
quantitative summary shows that increased BMI is equally strongly
associated with an increased risk of renal cell cancer among men and
women.
4. Reduce intake of salt
dietary with high amount of salt increases blood pressure which is associated with kidney diseases, leading to kidney failure.
5. Beware of anemia
It may be a first symptoms of kidney diseases. If you are constantly tired, bruise easily or suffer from dizziness.
6. Toxins
Environment toxins can reduce the functions of your kidney and increase the risk of renal cells carcinoma.
7. Etc.
A. Diet
To learn more of healthy foods diet, please visit my previous article at http://healthy-foods-index.blogspot.com/
1. Soybean
In
study researchers found that aspartic acid in soybean not only helps to
protect the body drug toxicity and radiation, it also plays an
essential role for the brain in information transmitting across the
synapse, thus reducing the risk of mental disorder.
B. Nutritional supplements
1. Antioxidant
Antioxidants
are always important for preventing the oxidation cause of cancer,
including kidney cancer. To read more how antioxidant helps to prevent
alternation of cells DNA, causing cancer
Please go to my previous article http://the-anti-aging-guide.blogspot.com/2011/03/anti-aging-guide.html
2. Vitamin E, iron and calcium
Researchers
found that a significant inverse associations were observed for females
taking vitamin E or calcium supplements. Among males, those taking
vitamin E or iron for more than 5 years had reduced risks.
3. Beta-carotene and lutein/zeaxanthin
In
an study of vitamin C, E, and carotenoid intake and risk of renal cell
carcinoma, researcher found that dietary intake of beta-carotene and
lutein/zeaxanthin was inversely associated with the risk of ( Renal cell
carcinoma) RCC. specially in women, overweight or obese subjects. The
relation of lutein/zeaxanthin to renal cell carcinoma was stronger in
ever smokers.
4. Certain types of Vitamins and minerals
In
Nutrients and renal cell carcinoma: Results from a case-control study,
researchers found that numerous vitamins including vitamins A, C and K.
Vitamin K , minerals, such as calcium, folate, magnesium, potassium and
zinc are protective against renal cell carcinoma and Magnesium provided
the greatest protection.
5. Carotenoids
A study of Intakes
of fruit, vegetables, and carotenoids and renal cell cancer risk: a
pooled analysis of 13 prospective studies found that increasing fruit
and vegetable consumption is associated with decreasing risk of renal
cell cancer; carotenoids present in fruit and vegetables may partly
contribute to this protection.
5. Etc.
Treatments
A. Conventional medicine1. Surgery
a. Radical nephrectomy:
Radical
nephrectomy is one of surgery of choice for localized kidney tumor or
renal cell carcinoma of which the cancerous cells is either smaller and
in lower stage. In this surgery, the entire kidney, along with the
adrenal gland and some tissue around the kidney are removed, including
nearby lymph nodes may also be removed if necessary.
b. Simple nephrectomy:
Simple
nephrectomy is the procedure to remove only the kidney. It is effective
in treating non invasive or earlt stage of renal cell carcinoma.
c. Partial nephrectomy:
Under
certain circumstance, if simple and radical nephrectomy can not be
performed such as cancer affects both kidneys, the patient has only one
kidney due to previous surgery, partial nephrectomy will be applied to
remove only the tumor and some of the tissue around the tumor. Normally
it is used in combination with radiotherapy.
d. Side effects
Surgery and anesthesia risks
2. Biological therapy
a.
Biological therapy used medicine to stimulate the immune respond to
fight diseases, in this case, it is renal cell carcinoma by the use of
certain drug, including interferon of which commonly use to fight off
invasive renal cell carcinoma through injection.
b. Side effects
It is important to note that side effects will disappeared when the treatment is stop.
b.1. Muscle pain
b.2. Fever
b.3 Loss of appetite
b.4. Chill
b.5. Nausea and vomiting
b.6. Etc.
3. Chemotherapy
a.
Chemotherapy is most use to treat with advance stage of renal cell
carcinoma, as it has spread to a distant parts of the body by using
drugs taken by mouth or injected into a vein or muscle of the patient to
stop the growth of or to kill cancer cells. Chemotherapy is considered
not very effective in treating renal cell carcinoma.
b. Side effects
b.1. Nausea
b.2. Vomiting
b.3. Hair loss
b.4. Fatigue
b.5. Anemia
b.6. Mouth sores taste and smell changes
b.7. Infection
b.8. Etc.
4. Arterial embolization
a.
Arterial embolization is considered effective if the vessels which
supply oxygen and nutrients to the tumor has been cut off. It is used as
a palliative treatment for unresectable renal carcinoma and in patients
with less advanced disease (stage I–III), leading to shrinking of the
tumor.In arterial embolization, a narrow tube is inserted into a blood
vessel through a small cut in the leg then passed up to the renal artery
blood vessel to block the blood flow to the kidney.
b. Side effects
It is important to note that side effects will disappeared when the treatment is stop
b.1. Nausea and vomiting
b.2. Back pain
b.3. Fever
b.4, Etc.
5. Targeted therapies
Targeted
therapies use drugs or other substances to block the growth and spread
of cancer by interfering with specific types of cancer cells with no
harm to the healthy cells by stopping the growth of cancer cells and the
growth of blood vessels to the tumor with medicine taken in pill or
through IV injection.
6. Etc.
B. Herbal Medicine
1. Astragalus
Researcher
found that astragalus stimulates the immune system to produce T and
natural killer (NK) cells, thus stopping the spreading of renal cell
carcinoma.
2. Pau D’Arco
Pau D’Arco is also known as Pink
Lapacho, genus Tabebuia, native to the America. It contains high levels
of alpha-lapachone, beta-lapachone and xyloidone which demonstrated anti
cancer effects in some studies. An article published by Dr. Daniel B.
Mowrey on Pau d'Arco stated that "Lapacho has produced clinical
anti-cancer effects without side effects.
3. Red Clover
Red
Clover is a perennial herb, genus Trifolium, belonging to the family
Fabaceae, native to Europe, Western Asia and northwest Africa. It has
been used in herbal medicine to treat cancer due to its anti-cancer and
anti-tumor genistein by preventing new blood vessels from forming within
a tumor.
4. Reishi Mushroom
Reishi mushroom is a species of
fungal, genus Ganoderma, beloning to family Ganodermataceae, it is also
known as Ling Zhi in traditional Chinese medicine and highly regarded
for its cancer protective action. It has been used as anti-inflammatory,
antioxidative agent in TCM and researcher found that reishi mushroom
promotes the body's natural cancer killer cells T lymphocytes to slow
the growth of renal cancer cells.
C. Traditional Chinese medicine
1.Huang Qi
Huang
Qi is also known as astragalus. The sweet herb has been used in TCM to
improve endurance, protect the liver and regulate blood sugar by
enhancing the functions of lung and spleen channels. In rat study,
researcher found that astragalus extracts possess cytostatic properties
by inhibiting tumor growth and delaying chemical-induced
hepatocarcinogenesis. Researcher found that astragalus stimulates
the immune system to produce T and natural killer (NK) cells, thus
stopping the spreading of renal cell carcinoma.
2. Ren Shen
Ren
Shen, also known as Panax ginseng. The sweet, warm aromatic herb has
been used in TCM as anti-cancer, anti aging, anti stress agent and to
improve cardiac function including short of breath, palpitation, instant
sweating, dropping of blood pressure, etc, by enhancing the functions
of lung and spleen channels. In vitro study, researcher found that
Ginsenosides extracted from Panax ginseng demonstrated anticancer
effects.
3. Qing Dai
Qing
Dai is also known as Natural Indigo. the salty and cold herb has been
used in TCM as anti inflammatory agent and to treat Chronic Myeloid
Leukemia (CML), eczema, children epilepsy, etc., by enhancing the
function of liver, lung and stomach channels. It is used in combination
with other herbs to treat cancer.
4. Gan Cao
Gan Cao is also
known as Licorice root. The sweet and neutral herb has been used in TCM
as an anticancer, anti-inflammatory, anti virus and bacteria, anti ulcer
and anti convulsion agent and to get rid of toxins, promote secretion
of insulin, protect liver from toxin, etc., as it tonifies the spleen,
enhances qi, clears heat, expels phlegm and synergize other herbs by
enhancing the functions of all 12 channels in the body. In-vitro,
researchers found that Saponins stimulate the immune system and inhibit
Epstein-Barr virus expression and possess anti-cancer activities.
5. Etc.
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