Chinese Herbs – Nu Huang (calculus bovis)

Niu Huang is also known as Cow bezoar. The bitter, sweet and cool herb has been used in TCM as Anti-inflammatory, anti-fever, anti-bacterial agent and to clear Clears the heart, liver, relieves toxicity, get rid of wind and tremors,  treat convulsions with high fever due to liver heat, etc., as it clears Heat, expels toxins, calms Wind and  convulsions, transforms Phlegm, opens the orifices, etc., by enhancing the functions of heart and liver channels. Ingredients
1. Bilirubin
2. Biliverdin
3. Conjugated bile acid
4. Cholic acid
5. Deoxycholic acid
6. Chenodeoxycholic acid
7. Lithocholic acid
8. Sterocholic acid
9. Sterocholic acid
10. Etc.
Health Benefits 1. Anti-bacterial components
In the study to search for the fingerprints of artificial Calculus bovis extracts from different solvents established by ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) and the anti-bacterial activities of artificial C. bovis extracts on Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) growth, found that peak 1 (taurocholate sodium), peak 3 (unknown compound), peak 4 (cholic acid), and peak 6 (chenodeoxycholic acid) are more significant than the other peaks with the standard parameter estimate 0.453, -0.166, 0.749, 0.025, respectively. So, compounds cholic acid, taurocholate sodium, and chenodeoxycholic acid might be the major anti-bacterial components in artificial C. bovis(1).
2. Schistosomiasis
In the assessment to investigate the interventional effects and mechanism of in vitro cultivated Calculus Bovis compound preparation (ICCBco) on pulmonary lesions in portal hypertensive rabbits with schistosomiasis., showed that ICCBco can effectively prevent pulmonary complications in portal hypertensive rabbits with schistosomiasis by means of improving lung microcirculation and lowering the content of extracellular matrix(2).
3. Ulcer healing
In the observation to investigate  the effects of calculus bovis on the fibroblast proliferation, collagen production, matrix metalloproteinases-2, -9 activities and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 production by MTT assay, chloramine T method, gelatin zymography and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays respectively, indicated that  the major function of calculus bovis in the process of ulcer healing is not to promote tissue regeneration, the mechanism that calculus bovis inhibits collagen synthesis may be partly due to its ability to very significantly (P<0.01) suppress the production of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1(3).
4. Cerebral and myocardial cells protective effects
In the study to examine the protective effects of in vitro cultivated calculus bovis (ICCB) on the cerebral and myocardial cells in hypoxic mice, indicated that the pathological change in brain and heart in the ICCB group was very slight, while abnormal changes in the control group were obviously more serious. ICCB significantly prolonged the panting time of the hypoxic mice (P<0.001), increased the activity of SOD, GSH-px, T-AOC in serum and tissues of brain, liver, heart and elevated the content of DA and NE. ICCB also pronouncedly reduced content of MDA in serum and tissues of brain, heart and liver. Significant differences in these parameters were noted between ICCB group and controls(4).
5. Antithrombotic effects
In the investigattion of Antithrombotic xinmaining, composed with Moschus, Calculus Bovis, Borneol, Radix Ligusticum, Flos Sophorae Immaturus, Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae, Leech, etc., clinical result showed that the obvious effective rate in the therapeutic group was 62.1% and the total effective rate 96.3%; the values in the control group were 38.5% and 86.3% respectively (P less than 0.01)(5).
6. Etc.
Side Effects
1. Do not use the herb in newborn. children or if you are pregnant or breast feeding without first consulting with the related field specialist.
2. Do not use the herb inpatient with spleen and stomach deficiency
3. The herb may cause allergic reaction to certain patient
4. Etc.

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Sources
(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22058087
(2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20135725
(3) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19621589
(4) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18231729
(5) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1889102