Omega-3 Fatty Acids, the Potent Lipid Inflammatory Mediators in Vitro and Vivo

By Kyle J. Norton


Inflammation is a natural response by the immune system to protect the body against the invasion of stimuli or foreign pathogens.

Acute inflammation is a short-term condition caused by tissue injury, leading to pain, redness, swelling, and heat to the affected area. depending on the size of the injury. Some patients with acute inflammation may also experience the symptom of loss of function.

In acute inflammation, the white blood cells on the first line of defense of the immune system after sensing the danger of an infection in the body through a message from the brain stimulate the production of platelets to cover the site of injury or damage and inflammatory cytokines to kill off all pathogens before they can cause harm to the body.

Most cases of infection are stopped at the acute phase. The wound or injury is slowly recovered.

However, people with a weakened immune system, acute inflammatory progression cannot be stopped due to the inability of the immune system to destroy all invaders, which may lead to low-grade chronic inflammation.

Lipids mediators, derived from the omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) are potent enhancers of innate and adaptive immune activation in numerous inflammatory disorders.

Dr. Bennett M, the lead scientist in the examing "Lipid Mediators in Inflammation" wrote, "Lipids are potent signaling molecules that regulate a multitude of cellular responses, including cell growth and death and inflammation/infection, via receptor-mediated pathways. Derived from polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), such as arachidonic acid (AA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), each lipid displays unique properties, thus making their role in inflammation distinct from that of other lipids derived from the same PUFA".

In other words, each individual acid arachidonic acid (AA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), each lipid displays unique properties which are derived from polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), plays a selective role in maintaining cellular process depending on the types of fatty acid.

Omega-3 fatty acids are phytochemicals in the class of lipids, found abundantly in deepsea fisk, dark-green leafy vegetables, grains, legumes, nuts, etc.

The three main components of Omega-3 fatty acids are alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA).

On finding a potential phytochemical for the treatment of inflammatory diseases, researchers examined the effects of n3-PUFA DHA and its derived specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators (SPMs) MaR1, RvD1, and RvD2, on TNF-α inhibition of intestinal sugar and glutamine uptake.

Based on the differentiation,

* DHA blocked TNF-α-induced inhibition of α-methyl-D-glucose (αMG) uptake, an analog of glucose and SGLT1, a glucose transporter, expression in the apical membrane of Caco-2 cells.

* Compared to DHA, SPMs showed the same preventive effect at concentrations 1000 times lower.

* In diet-induced obese (DIO) mice, oral gavage of SPMs, MaR1 reversed the up-regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines found in the intestinal mucosa of these mice without inducing a reduced intestinal transport of αMG and SGLT1 expression in the DIO mice.

* In Caco-2 cells, EPA, DHA, and the DHA-derived SPMs. also prevent the TNF-α in the inhibition of glutamine uptake.

Collectively, scientists said, " DHA and its SPMs as promising biomolecules to restore intestinal nutrients transport during intestinal inflammation".

Taken altogether, Omega-3 fatty acids found abundantly in fish oil and plant oil may be considered a functional food for the treatment of diseases associated with the impaired lipid inflammatory mediators, pending to the confirmation of the larger sample size and multicenter human study.

Intake of Omega-3 fatty acids in the form of supplements should be taken with extreme care to prevent overdose acute liver toxicity.


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Author Biography
Kyle J. Norton (Scholar, Master of Nutrition, All right reserved)
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published online, including worldwide health, ezine articles, article base, health blogs, self-growth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bioscience, ISSN 0975-6299.

Sources
(1) DHA and its derived lipid mediators MaR1, RvD1 and RvD2 block TNF-α inhibition of intestinal sugar and glutamine uptake in Caco-2 cells by Castilla-Madrigal R1, Gil-Iturbe E1, López de Calle M2, Moreno-Aliaga MJ3, Lostao MP. (PubMed)