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By Kyle J. Norton Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000
articles and research papers have been written and published on line,
including world wide health, ezine articles, article base, healthblogs,
selfgrowth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by
Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington
Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as
international journal Pharma and Bio science, ISSN 0975-6299.
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome
is defined as endocrinologic diseases among reproductive-age women caused by undeveloped follicles
clumping on the ovaries that interferes with the function of the normal
ovaries associated
with a high risk for metabolic disorder(1) as resulting of enlarged
ovaries(2), leading to hormone imbalance(excessive androgen and anti-müllerian hormone (AMH) )(1)(3)(4)(5), induced Hirsutism(6)(7), reproductive disorder(10(12)), risks of type 2 diabetes(9)(10)(11), metabolic syndrome(10)(12) and early cardiovasular disease(8)(13), acne(10)(14), endometrial cance(18)(19),weight
gain and obesity(15)(16)(17). The syndrome effects over 5% of women population or 1
in 20 women.
Unfortunately, according to studies, women with PCOs after the reproductive age, are associated to continuously increase risk of type II diabetes, with no increasing altered glucose tolerance(20), CVD and hypertension(21).
The prevention and management
Polycystic
ovary syndrome (PCOS) is unpreventable in Western medicine. Early
diagnosis and treatment may reduce risk of its complications, including
infertility, metabolic syndrome, obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular
diseases, stroke, etc.
Although PCOS cannot be completely avoided, strengthening immunity has
shown a significant reduction of chronic inflammatory
diseases(266)(267)(268).
The Antioxidants
1. Bilirubin
Bilirubin is a prosthetic group helped to break down molecules into smaller units in releasing
energy, excreted in bile and urine. It is a cellular antioxidant(511), by
reverting to biliverdin, a green tetrapyrrolic bile pigment, once again
when oxidized, it inhibits the effects of mutagens(512).
The antioxidant showed to inhibit digestive proteases like trypsin and
chymotrypsin(504), benefit heart health(505) and nonalcoholic fatty
liver disease(507), reduce risk of diabetes(506). Recent studies also
found that the antioxidant exhibits its anti inflammatory effects(511)
against certain chronic inflammatory diseases, including psoriasis(508),
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(509), .... and enhances immunity
activities(510)
2. Carotenoids
Carotenoids
are organic pigments, occurring in the chloroplasts and
chromoplasts(513) of plants and some photosynthetic organisms like
algae and bacteria(514).
a. Beta-carotene
Beta-carotene,
an organic compound classified as a terpenoid, is a strongly-coloured
red-orange pigment in plants and fruits, stored in liver for the
production of vitamin A. Epidemiological evidences sugested that
beta-carotene neutralizes
singlet oxygen before giving rise of free radicals(515) which can damage
of DNA, leading to improper cell DNA replication(516)(517), causing
irregual cells growth, such as cancers(518)(519)(520). The phytochemical
also promotes immunity(521)(522) against foreign invasion and symptoms
of chronic inflammatory disease(523)(524) and improve low-density
lipoprotein cholesterol resistance to oxidation causes of cardiovascular
disease related to atherosclerosis(527) through its antioxidant anti
inflammatory activities(525)(526).....
b. Alpha-carotene
Alpha-carotene,
one of the most abundant carotenoids in the North American diet, is a
form of carotene with a β-ring at one end and an ε-ring at the other, not only protects
cells from the damaging effects of free radicals(526) and enhances the immune
system(528) in fighting against bacteria and virus infection and inflammation(529)(530), but also inhibits irregular
cell growth(531)(532) cause of benign tumors(531) and cancers(532).
c. Beta-cryptoxanthin
Chemically
Beta-cryptoxanthin is a xanthophyll which protects our cells from
oxidation(538) and provides a source of vitamin A. The phytochemical
showed to enhances the immune system functioning(533)(534) against
infectious(537) and inflammatory diseases(535)(536) and reduces insulin
resistance(536) and cancers(539)(540) risks
d. Lycopene
Lycopene
is a red carotene of the carotenoids group found in
tomatoes, watermelons, and grapefruits. This antioxidant is
believed to be a powerful fighter against irregular growth(543), such
as prostate cancer(541)(542), breast cancer(544)(545) and
liver diseases(546)(547). Lycopene has many anti-aging(549)
capabilities as well as enhancing immune function(548)
against oxidative stress(550)(551) and inflammatory diseases(551)(552).
Ovarian Cysts And PCOS Elimination
Holistic System In Existence That Will Show You How To
Permanently Eliminate All Types of Ovarian Cysts Within 2 Months
References
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(2) A "kiss" before conception: triggering ovulation with kisspeptin-54 may improve IVF by Young SL.(PubMed)
(3.) Androgen hyperfunction and excessive heterosexual hair growth in women, with special attention to the polycystic ovarian syndrome by Lunde O1.(PubMed)
(4) Expression of anti-Müllerian hormone in letrozole rat model of polycystic ovary syndrome by Du DF1, Li XL, Fang F, Du MR.(PubMed)
(5) [Serum levels of anti-muller hormone in women with polycystic ovary syndrome and healthy women of reproductive age].[Article in Bulgarian] by Parahuleva N, Pehlivanov B, Orbecova M, Deneva T, Uchikova E.(PubMed)
(6) [Current opinions on the etiology and pathophysiology of hirsutism].[Article in Polish] by Krysiak R1, Kedzia A, Okopień B.(PubMed)
(7) The clinical evaluation of hirsutism by Somani N1, Harrison S, Bergfeld WF.(PubMed)
(8) Polycystic ovary syndrome and insulin: our understanding in the past, present and future by Mayer SB1, Evans WS, Nestler JE.(PubMed)
(9) Association of mean platelet volume with androgens and insulin resistance in nonobese patients with polycystic ovary syndrome by Dogan BA1, Arduc A2, Tuna MM1, Karakılıc E1, Dagdelen I1, Tutuncu Y1, Berker D1, Guler S1.(PubMed)
(10) Approach to the patient: contraception in women with polycystic ovary syndrome by Yildiz BO1.(PubMed)
(11) Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS): a significant contributor to the overall burden of type 2 diabetes in women by Talbott EO1, Zborowski JV, Rager JR, Kip KE, Xu X, Orchard TJ.(PubMed)
(12) Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in Slovak women with polycystic ovary syndrome and its relation to metabolic and reproductive abnormalities by Figurová J1, Dravecká I, Javorský M, Petríková J, Lazúrová I.(PubMed)
(13) Role of Insulin Sensitizers on Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome: A Meta-Analysis by Thethi TK1, Katalenich B2, Nagireddy P3, Chabbra P4, Kuhadiya N5, Fonseca V1.(PubMed)
(14) Acne in hirsute women by Lumezi BG1, Pupovci HL1, Berisha VL1, Goçi AU2, Gerqari A3.(PubMed)
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a complex condition with psychological, reproductive and metabolic
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(17) Metabolic Evidence of Diminished Lipid Oxidation in Women With Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. by Whigham LD1, Butz DE2, Dashti H3, Tonelli M3, Johnson LK1, Cook ME2, Porter WP4, Eghbalnia HR5, Markley JL6, Lindheim SR7, Schoeller DA8, Abbott DH9, Assadi-Porter FM10.(PubMed)
(18) Risk of endometrial, ovarian and breast cancer in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis by Barry JA1, Azizia MM1, Hardiman PJ2.(PubMed)
(19) Risk of cancer among women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a Danish cohort study by Gottschau M1, Kjaer SK2, Jensen A1, Munk C1, Mellemkjaer L3.(PubMed)
(20) Polycystic ovary syndrome: metabolic consequences and long-term management by Carmina E1.(PubMed)
(21) Arterial stiffness is increased in asymptomatic nondiabetic postmenopausal women with a polycystic ovary syndrome phenotype by Armeni E1,
Stamatelopoulos K, Rizos D, Georgiopoulos G, Kazani M, Kazani A,
Kolyviras A, Stellos K, Panoulis K, Alexandrou A, Creatsa M, Papamichael
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(268) New dog and new tricks: evolving roles for IL-33 in type 2 immunity by Lott JM1, Sumpter TL1, Turnquist HR2.(PubMed)
(507) Serum bilirubin levels are inversely associated with
nonalcoholic fatty liver disease by Kwak MS1, Kim D, Chung GE, Kang SJ,
Park MJ, Kim YJ, Yoon JH, Lee HS.(PubMed)
(508) Antioxidant
status in patients with psoriasis by Nemati H, Khodarahmi R, Sadeghi M,
Ebrahimi A, Rezaei M, Vaisi-Raygani A.(PubMed)
(509) Serum
Bilirubin and Disease Progression in Mild Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary
Disease by Apperley S, Park HY, Holmes DT, Man SF, Tashkin D, Wise RA,
Connett JE, Sin DD.(PubMed)(510) Cellular-mediated
immune responses in the liver tissue of patients with severe
Plasmodiumfalciparum malaria by Punsawadl C, Setthapramote C,
Viriyavejakul P.(PubMed)
(511) Bile
pigment pharmacokinetics and absorption in the rat: therapeutic
potential for enteral administration by Bulmer AC1, Coombes JS,
Blanchfield JT, Toth I, Fassett RG, Taylor SM.(PubMed)
(512) Bilirubin
and related tetrapyrroles inhibit food-borne mutagenesis: a mechanism
for antigenotoxic action against a model epoxide by Mölzer C1, Huber H,
Steyrer A, Ziesel GV, Wallner M, Hong HT, Blanchfield JT, Bulmer AC,
Wagner KH.(PubMed)
(513) Confocal
laser scanning microscopy detection of chlorophylls and carotenoids in
chloroplasts and chromoplasts of tomato fruit by D'Andrea L1, Amenós M,
Rodríguez-Concepción M.(PubMed)
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(516) Wood smoke particles generate free radicals and cause lipid peroxidation, DNA damage, NFkappaB activation and TNF-alpha release in macrophages by Leonard SS1, Wang S, Shi X, Jordan BS, Castranova V, Dubick MA.(PubMed)
(517) The Effects of Babesiosis on Oxidative Stress and DNA Damage in Anatolian Black Goats Naturally Infected with Babesia ovis by Kucukkurt I1, Cigerci IH2, Ince S3, Kozan E4, Aytekin I5, Eryavuz A6, Fidan AF1.(PubMed)
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Esophagus-Esophageal Adenocarcinoma Continuum: A Review of the Recent
Literature by Petrick JL1, Li N1, McClain KM1, Steck SE2, Gammon MD3.(PubMed)
(521) Short- and long-term beta-carotene supplementation do not influence T cell-mediated immunity in healthy elderly persons by Santos MS1, Leka LS, Ribaya-Mercado JD, Russell RM, Meydani M, Hennekens CH, Gaziano JM, Meydani SN.(PubMed)
(522) A and beta-carotene concentrations in adults with HIV/AIDS on highly active antiretroviral therapy by Kaio DJ1, Rondó PH, Souza JM, Firmino AV, Luzia LA, Segurado AA.(PubMed)
(523) Plasma antioxidant levels in chronic cholestatic liver diseases by Floreani A1, Baragiotta A, Martines D, Naccarato R, D'odorico A.(PubMed)
(524) Use of antioxidants to treat pain in chronic pancreatitis.[Article in English, Spanish by De las Heras Castaño G1, García de la Paz A, Fernández MD, Fernández Forcelledo JL.(PubMed)
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(534) beta-Carotene and beta-cryptoxanthin but not lutein evoke redox and immune changes in RAW264 murine macrophages by Katsuura S1, Imamura T, Bando N, Yamanishi R.(PubMed)
(535) β-Cryptoxanthin alleviates diet-induced nonalcoholic steatohepatitis by suppressing inflammatory gene expression in mice by Kobori M1, Ni Y2, Takahashi Y1, Watanabe N1, Sugiura M3, Ogawa K4, Nagashimada M5, Kaneko S6, Naito S1, Ota T2.(PubMed)
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resistance and steatohepatitis in mice by an antioxidant carotenoid, β-cryptoxanthin by Ni Y1, Nagashimada M, Zhan L, Nagata N, Kobori M, Sugiura M, Ogawa K, Kaneko S, Ota T.(PubMed)
(537) The role of diet and nutrition in cervical carcinogenesis: a review of recent evidence by García-Closas R1, Castellsagué X, Bosch X, González CA.(PubMed)
(538) The carotenoid beta-cryptoxanthin stimulates the repair of DNA oxidation damage in addition to acting as an antioxidant in human cells by Lorenzo Y1, Azqueta A, Luna L, Bonilla F, Domínguez G, Collins AR.(PubMed)
(539) Antiproliferative activity of Cyanophora paradoxa pigments in melanoma, breast and lung cancer cells by Baudelet PH1, Gagez AL, Bérard JB, Juin C, Bridiau N, Kaas R, Thiéry V, Cadoret JP, Picot L.(PubMed)
(540) Dietary carotenoids and risk of breast cancer in Chinese women by Huang JP1, Zhang M, Holman CD, Xie X.(PubMed)
(541) Lycopene/tomato consumption and the risk of prostate cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies by Chen J1, Song Y, Zhang L.(PubMed)
(542) The role of tomato products and lycopene in the prevention of prostate cancer: a meta-analysis of observational studies by Etminan M1, Takkouche B, Caamaño-Isorna F.(PubMed)
(543) The anti-cancer effects of carotenoids and other phytonutrients resides in their combined activity by Linnewiel-Hermoni K1, Khanin M1, Danilenko M1, Zango G1, Amosi Y1, Levy J1, Sharoni Y2.(PubMed)
(544) Inhibitory effects of combination of lycopene and genistein on 7,12- dimethyl benz(a)anthracene-induced breast cancer in rats by Sahin K1, Tuzcu M, Sahin N, Akdemir F, Ozercan I, Bayraktar S, Kucuk O.(PubMed)
(545) Lycopene and beta-carotene induce cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis in human breast cancer cell lines by Gloria NF1, Soares N, Brand C, Oliveira FL, Borojevic R, Teodoro AJ.(PubMed)
(546) Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma: implications for lycopene intervention by Ip BC1, Wang XD2.(PubMed)
(547) Lipid biomarkers and metabolic effects of lycopene from tomato juice on liver of rats with induced hepatic steatosis by Bernal C1, Martín-Pozuelo G, Lozano AB, Sevilla A, García-Alonso J, Canovas M, Periago MJ.(PubMed)
(548) Lycopene enhances antioxidant enzyme activities and immunity function in N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine-enduced gastric cancer rats by Luo C1, Wu XG.(PubMed)
(549) Anti-aging effect of Blakeslea trispora powder on adult mice by Hu W1, Dai D, Li W.(PubMed)
(550) The effects of lycopene on DNA damage and oxidative stress on indomethacin-induced gastric ulcer in rats by Boyacioglu M1, Kum C2, Sekkin S2, Yalinkilinc HS2, Avci H3, Epikmen ET3, Karademir U2.(PubMed)
(551) Beneficial effect of lycopene on anti-diabetic nephropathy through diminishing inflammatory response and oxidative stress by Guo Y1, Liu Y, Wang Y.(PubMed)
(552) Nrf2, a master regulator of detoxification and also antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and other cytoprotective mechanisms, is raised by health promoting factors by Pall ML1, Levine S2.(PubMed)
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