Rheumatoid Arthritis
Rheumatoid Arthritis is defined a chronic disorder as a result of
inflammation, affecting mostly the flexible (synovial) joints and
tissues and organs in the body. The disease affects more women than in
men and generally occurs after the ages of 40 and diminishes the quality
of life of many elders.
Treatments
In herbal medicine perspective
1. Soy
Intake of soy protein can enhance the protective effect against
Rheumatoid Arthritis. In the study to evaluate preventive and
therapeutic effects of soy protein on collagen-induced arthritis rats,
showed that Administration of soy protein significantly suppressed the
progression of collagen II-induced arthritis and inhibited the
production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin6, leptin, and
adiponectin. Soy protein appeared to be a potent immunomodulatory
inhibitor of collagen II-induced arthritis in rats
(32).
2. Green tea
EGCG in experimental animals and findings related to the EGCG-drug
interaction. Although these findings provide scientific evidence of the
anti-rheumatic activity of EGCG, further preclinical studies are
warranted before phase clinical trials could be initiated with
confidence for patients with joint diseases(33).
3. Turmeric
Turmeric (Curcuma longa L., Zingiberaceae) rhizomes contain two classes
of secondary metabolites, curcuminoids and the less well-studied
essential oils. Dr. Funk JL and research team at the University of
Arizona, indicated that Crude or refined TEO extracts dramatically
inhibited joint swelling (90-100% inhibition) in female rats with
streptococcal cell wall (SCW)-induced arthritis when extracts were
administered via intraperitoneal injection to maximize uniform delivery.
However, this anti-arthritic effect was accompanied by significant
morbidity and mortality. Oral administration of a 20-fold higher dose
TEO was nontoxic, but only mildly joint-protective (20% inhibition).
These results do not support the isolated use of TEO for arthritis
treatment but, instead, identify potential safety concerns in
vertebrates exposed to TEO(37).
4. Ginger
Ginger (Zingiber officinale) supplements are being promoted for
arthritis treatment in western societies on the basis of ginger’s
traditional use as an anti-inflammatory in Chinese and Ayurvedic
medicine. Dr. Funk JL and scientists at the University of Arizona showed
that the crude dichloromethane extract, which also contained essential
oils and more polar compounds, was more efficacious (when normalized to
gingerol content) in preventing both joint inflammation and
destruction(38).
5. Alfalfa
Alfalfa is a flowering plant in the genus Medicago, belonging to the
family Fabaceae, It has been cultivated all over the world as hay for
cattle feeding. The leaves, sprouts, and seeds to make medicine has been
used in traditional medicine over 15010 years to treat high
cholesterol, asthma, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes,
enhance digestive system, bleeding disorder, kidney and urinary tract
infection, etc. North Americal aboriginal has used Alfalfa seed as food,
such as making bread and mush.
a. Antioxidants
In a study of measurements of pH, water holding capacity, color,
oxymyoglobin content, TBARS and oxidation-reduction potential in
evaluating the effects of a dietary protein-xanthophylls (PX)
concentrate of alfalfa to turkey diets conducted by University of Life
Sciences in Lublin, Skromna 8, 20-704 Lublin, Poland.(1), researchers
found that TBARS and oxidation-reduction potential values suggested that
the inclusion of the concentrate to turkey diets acts as an antioxidant
in the raw meat.
b. Disease of autoimmune
In a study of five groups of 12-week-old female mice were per oral
treated with vehicle (control), lyophilized AS (550 mg wt/kg BW), ASEA
(ASEA, 25 mg/kg BW), coumestrol (CUM, 0.075 mg/kg BW) and tamoxifen
(TAM, 0.375 mg/kg BW) as the positive control, conducted by Institute of
Microbiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Science, National Taiwan
University, Taipei, Taiwan (4), researchers found that alhalfa
decreased the disease severity, increased survival and life span of the
autoimmune-prone MRL-lpr/lpr mice, suggesting a potential of ASEA in the
treatment of autoimmune diseases.
c. Anti-inflammatory activity
In a study of anti-inflammatory effects may be used for inflammatory
disorders by examining alfalfa sprout ethyl acetate extract (ASEA) in
,ice coducted by College of Life Science, National Taiwan University,
Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China.(5), researchers found that
significantly higher survival rates than the control group and suggests
that ASEA supplementation can suppress the production of
pro-inflammatory cytokines and alleviate acute inflammatory hazards.
6. Grape Seed Extract
Grape Seed Extract is the commercial extracts from whole grape seeds
that contains many concentrations, including vitamin E, flavonoids,
linoleic acid, oligomeric proanthocyanidins(OPCs), etc..The herb has
been used in traditional medicine as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory
agents and to treat skin wounds with less scarring, allergies, macular
degeneration, arthritis, enhance circulation of blood vessels, lower
cholesterol, etc.
a. Antioxidant Activity
in the assessment of phenolic content, antioxidant activity of White and
red wines spiked with green tea extract and grape seed extract found
that the green tea extract and grape seed extract increased antioxidant
activity dose-dependently and the CRTs varied considerably between the
Korean and Australian groups, with Koreans preferring wines spiked with
green tea extract and Australians showing a preference for wines spiked
with grape seed extract, according to “Total Phenolic Content,
Antioxidant Activity and Cross-Cultural Consumer Rejection Threshold in
White and Red Wines Functionally Enhanced with Catechin-Rich” by Yoo YJ,
Saliba A, Prenzler PD, Ryan DM.(60)
b. Arthritis (CIA)
in the examination of whether grape seed proanthocyanidin extract (GSPE)
effect on collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) in mice found that GSPE
dose-dependently suppressed osteoclastogenesis in vitro. GSPE
significantly reduced hydrogen peroxide production by
anti-CD3-monoclonal-antibody-stimulated CD4+ splenocytes. These results
indicate that intraperitoneal injection of GSPE attenuated CIA in mice.
GSPE may be useful in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, according
to “Grape seed proanthocyanidin extract (GSPE) attenuates
collagen-induced arthritis” by Cho ML, Heo YJ, Park MK, Oh HJ, Park JS,
Woo YJ, Ju JH, Park SH, Kim HY, Min JK.(61)
7. Ginseng Asia
a. Antioxidant activity
In the evaluation of the extraction conditions of polysaccharides from
the rhizomes of Panax japonicus C.A. Meyer and its antioxidant effect
found that antioxidant activity exhibited Panax japonicus
polysaccharides (PJP) had a good potential for antioxidant, according to
“Optimization of polysaccharides from Panax japonicus C.A. Meyer by RSM
and its anti-oxidant activity” by Wang R, Chen P, Jia F, Tang J, Ma
F.(62)
b. Immunological activities
In the study of Water-soluble ginseng oligosaccharides (designated as
WGOS) with a degree of polymerization ranging from 2 to 10 were obtained
from warm-water extract of Panax ginseng roots, found that WGOS were
potent B and T-cell stimulators and WGOS-1 has the highest
immunostimulating effect on lymphocyte proliferation among those
purified fractions. It is hoped that the WGOS will be developed into
functional food or medicine, according to “Structural characterization
and immunological activities of the water-soluble oligosaccharides
isolated from the Panax ginseng roots” by Wan D, Jiao L, Yang H, Liu
S.(63)
8. Etc.
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Sources
(58) “Effect of protein-xanthophylls (PX) concentrate of alfalfa
supplementation on physico-chemical properties of turkey breast and
thigh muscles during ageing” by Karwowska M, Stadnik J, Dolatowski ZJ,
Grela ER., posted in PubMed
(59) ” The ethyl acetate extract of alfalfa sprout ameliorates disease
severity of autoimmune-prone MRL-lpr/lpr mice” by Hong YH, Huang CJ,
Wang SC, Lin BF., posted in PubMed
(60) “Ethyl acetate extracts of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) sprouts
inhibit lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation in vitro and in vivo” by
Hong YH, Chao WW, Chen ML, Lin BF., posted in PubMed
(60) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22133028
(61) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19446580
(62) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22214823
(63) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22183124
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