Gallocatechin, containing
catechin is phytochemicals of Flavan-3-ols, in the group of Flavonoids
(polyphenols), found abundantly in green tea, almonds, black diamond
plums, black tea, cocoa beans, Fuji apples, golden delicious apple,
etc.
Health Benefits
1. Bone metabolism
In the investigation of three tea catechins, epigallocatechin (EGC), gallocatechin (GC), and gallocatechin
gallate (GCG) for their effects on bone metabolism, found that EGC
significantly inhibited osteoclast formations from RAW 264.7 cells upon
receptor activation of nuclear factor-kappaB ligand induction on the
fourth day of treatment, at a concentration of 10 microM. EGC also
dose-dependently inhibited the mRNA expression of tatrate-resistant acid
phosphatase. GC and GCG could decrease osteoclastogenesis at 20
microM. The present study illustrated that the tea catechins, EGC in
particular, had positive effects on bone metabolism through a double
process of promoting osteoblastic activity and inhibiting osteoclast
differentiations, according to "Effects of tea catechins, epigallocatechin, gallocatechin, and gallocatechin gallate, on bone metabolism" by Ko CH, Lau KM, Choy WY, Leung PC.(1)
2. Antimetastatic effects
In
the evaluation of the antimetastatic effects of P urinaria L extracts
(PUE), containingpolyphenols including gallic acid, methyl gallate,
epicatechin, epigallocatechin-3-gallate, gallocatechin-3-gallate,
rutin, epicatechin-3-gallate, and naringin, found that PUE inhibits the
transcription of MMP-2 mRNA. PUE also exerted an inhibitory effect on
the DNA-binding activity and the nuclear translocation of NF-κB and
AP-1. Furthermore, the inhibitory effects of PUE on the metastasis and
growth of LLC cells in vivo were proven. These results indicate that
PUE could be applied to be a potential antimetastatic agent, according
to "Antimetastatic Potentials of
Phyllanthusurinaria L on A549 and Lewis Lung Carcinoma Cells via
Repression of Matrix-Degrading Proteases" by Tseng HH, Chen PN, Kuo WH, Wang JW, Chu SC, Hsieh YS.(2)
3. Anti skin cancer
In
the determination of the effect of green tea catechins on the invasive
potential of human melanoma cells and the molecular mechanisms
underlying these effects using A375 (BRAF-mutated) and Hs294t
(Non-BRAF-mutated) melanoma cell lines as an in vitro model, found that
Inhibition of melanoma cell migration by EGCG was associated with
transition of mesenchymal stage to epithelial stage, which resulted in
an increase in the levels of epithelial biomarkers (E-cadherin,
cytokeratin and desmoglein 2) and a reduction in the levels of
mesenchymal biomarkers (vimentin, fibronectin and N-cadherin) in A375
melanoma cells. Together, these results indicate that EGCG, a major
green tea catechin, has the ability to inhibit melanoma cell
invasion/migration, an essential step of metastasis, by targeting the
endogenous expression of COX-2, PGE(2) receptors and
epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, according to "Green
tea catechins reduce invasive potential of human melanoma cells by
targeting COX-2, PGE2 receptors and epithelial-to-mesenchymal
transition" by Singh T, Katiyar SK(3)
4. Antidiabetic activity
In
the observation of Terminalia sericea stem bark extract and theirs
effect against alpha-glucosidase and alpha-amylase enzymes, found that
four known compounds namely beta-sitosterol (1),
beta-sitosterol-3-acetate (2), lupeol (3), and stigma-4-ene-3-one (4),
in addition to two inseparable sets of mixtures of isomers
[epicatechin-catechin (M1), and gallocatechin-epigallocatechin
(M2). 1 and 3 showed the best inhibitory activity on alpha-glucosidase
(IC50:54.5 and 66.5 microM). Bio-evaluation of the inhibitory activity
of the purified compounds on alpha-amylase showed that 3 and 1
exhibited IC50 values of 140.7 and 216.02 microM, respectively against
alpha-amylase, according to "Antidiabetic activity of Terminalia sericea constituents" by Nkobole N, Houghton PJ, Hussein A, Lall N.(4)
5. Anti-uveal melanoma activity
In the study of the MeOH extract of Acacia nilotica pods, resulted in the isolation of the new compound gallocatechin
5-O-gallate in addition to methyl gallate, gallic acid, catechin,
catechin 5-O-gallate, 1-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose,
1,6-di-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose and digallic acid, found that in addition
to uveal melanoma, the antiproliferative activities of the isolated
compounds and the related compound epigallocatechin 3-O-gallate (EGCG)
were evaluated against cutaneous melanoma, ovarian cancer, glioblastoma
and normal retinal pigmented cells, according to "In vitro anti-uveal melanoma activity of phenolic compounds from the Egyptian medicinal plant Acacia nilotica" by Salem MM, Davidorf FH, Abdel-Rahman MH.(5)
6. Degenerative diseases
In
the inestigation of whether green tea and its components can regulate
the osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation in pluripotent rat
mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). The rat MSCs were isolated from the bone
marrow of tibiae and femora, found that among six tested tea
polyphenols, epigallocatechin (EGC) was shown to be the most effective
in promoting osteogenic differentiation. At 20 μM, EGC increased ALP
levels and Ca deposition significantly by 2.3- and 1.7-fold,
respectively, when compared with the control group. EGC also increased
the mRNA expression of bone formation markers runt-related
transcription factor 2, ALP, osteonectin, and osteopontin, according to "Pro-bone and antifat effects of green tea and its polyphenol, epigallocatechin, in rat mesenchymal stem cells in vitro" by Ko CH, Siu WS, Wong HL, Shum WT, Fung KP, San Lau CB, Leung PC.(6)
7. Antioxidants
In
the identification of Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) and its
important roles in the maintenance of cellular redox balance, found
that Pretreatment with green tea polyphenol epigallocatechin-3-gallate
(EGCG) effectively blocked peroxynitrite-induced glutathione depletion,
p53 accumulation, and apoptosis in both normal and G6PD-deficient
cells. EGCG, administered to cells alone or as pretreatment, caused
activation of Akt. The protective effect was abolished by
phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitors, wortmannin, and
LY294002, according to "Green tea
polyphenol epigallocatechin-3-gallate protects cells against
peroxynitrite-induced cytotoxicity: modulatory effect of cellular G6PD
status" by Ho HY, Wei TT, Cheng ML, Chiu DT.(7)
8. Anti HIV
In
the investigation of Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), the most abundant
catechin in green tea and its effect on HIV-1, found that EGCG appears
to act mainly as an allosteric reverse transcriptase inhibitor with
mechanisms different from those of currently approved NNRTIs that
directly interact with the NNRTI binding pocket. Thus, EGCG is a good
candidate for use as an additional or supportive anti-HIV agent derived
from natural plants, according to "Epigallocatechin gallate inhibits the HIV reverse transcription step" by Li S, Hattori T, Kodama EN.(8)
9. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities
In
the evaluation of the radioprotective efficacy of green tea polyphenols
and the component ingredients against irradiated-induced damage in
mice and elucidate the underlying mechanisms, found that Moreover GTP
and its bioactive components (catechin, epigallocatechin and
epigallocatechin-3-gallate) assisted in decreasing the leukocytopenia
seen after whole mice irradiation and significantly reduced the
elevated serum inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6). Green
tea polyphenols have a potential to be developed as radioprotective
agents against irradiated-induced toxicity. Furthermore the antioxidant
and anti-inflammatory activities of GTP can be attributed to the
interaction of the different components through multiple and
synergistic mechanisms, according to "Bioactive
components from the tea polyphenols influence on endogenous
antioxidant defense system and modulate inflammatory cytokines after
total-body irradiation in mice" by Hu Y, Guo DH, Liu P, Cao JJ, Wang YP, Yin J, Zhu Y, Rahman K.(9)
10. Anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial effects
In
the evaluation of the anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial effect of
nanocatechin on CBP and plasma concentration of catechins in an animal
model, found that the use of ciprofloxacin, catechin, and nanocatechin
showed statistically significant decrease in bacterial growth and
improvement in prostatic inflammation compared with the control group.
The nanocatechin group showed statistically significant decrease in
bacterial growth and improvement in prostatic inflammation compared with
the catechin group. Plasma concentrations of epicatechin, gallocatechin
gallate, and epigallocatechin gallate were significantly higher in the
nanocatechin group than those in the catechin group. These results
suggest that nanocatechin has better antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory
effects on rat CBP than catechin due to higher absorption into the
body, according to "Anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial effects of nanocatechin in a chronic bacterial prostatitis rat model" by Yoon BI, Ha US, Sohn DW, Lee SJ, Kim HW, Han CH, Lee CB, Cho YH.(10)
11. Ultraviolet B irradiation protection
In
the investigation of the protective effect of epigallocatechin gallate
(EGCG) on the immune function of dendritic cells (DCs) after
ultraviolet B irradiation (UVB), found that the inhibition rate of DCs
was improved to some extent after treatment with 200 microg/mL of EGCG.
UVB showed no significant influence on the secretion of IL-10 and
IL-12 from DCs, while EGCG was able to down-regulate the secretion
level of IL-12 and up-regulate that of IL-10, according to "Protective effect of epigallocatechin gallate on the immune function of dendritic cells after ultraviolet B irradiation" by Jin SL, Zhou BR, Luo D.(11)
12. Antiviral effect
In
the identification of tea polyphenols were evaluated for their ability
to inhibit enterovirus 71 (EV71) replication in Vero cell culture, found
that The viral inhibitory effect correlated well with the antioxidant
capacity of polyphenol. Mechanistically, EV71 infection led to increased
oxidative stress, as shown by increased dichlorofluorescein and
MitoSOX Red fluorescence. Upon EGCG treatment, reactive oxygen species
(ROS) generation was significantly reduced. Consistent with this, EV71
replication was enhanced in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficient
cells, and such enhancement was largely reversed by EGCG, according to
"Antiviral effect of epigallocatechin gallate on enterovirus 71" by Ho HY, Cheng ML, Weng SF, Leu YL, Chiu DT.(12)
13. Neuroprotective effect
In
the research of beta-Amyloid (Abeta) peptide, a major component of
senile plaques has been regarded to play a crucial role in the
development and neuropathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), found
that EGCG may have preventive and/or therapeutic potential in AD
patients by augmenting cellular antioxidant defense capacity and
attenuating Abeta-mediated oxidative and/or nitrosative cell death,
according to" Neuroprotective effect of
epigallocatechin-3-gallate against beta-amyloid-induced oxidative and
nitrosative cell death via augmentation of antioxidant defense capacity" by Kim CY, Lee C, Park GH, Jang JH.(13)
14. Etc.
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Sources
(1) http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/jf901545u
(2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22144737
(3) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22022384
(4) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22224265
(5) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21903153
(6) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21877759
(7) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16506813
(8) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21730371
(9) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21498061
(10) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20694569
(11) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19735514
(12) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21903153
(13) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19557365
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