Secoisolariciresinol, aphytochemical in the class of Lignans (phytoestrogens), found abundantly in
flax seeds, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pumpkin, strawberries, blueberries, cranberries, etc.
Health Benefits
1. Health Benefits
In
the review of a growing body of evidence suggests that SDG metabolites
may provide health benefits due to their weak oestrogenic or
anti-oestrogenic effects, antioxidant activity, ability to induce phase
2 proteins and/or inhibit the activity of certain enzymes, or by
mechanisms yet unidentified, indicated that human and animal studies
identify the benefits of SDG consumption. SDG metabolites may protect
against CVD and the metabolic syndrome by reducing lipid and glucose
concentrations, lowering blood pressure, and decreasing oxidative
stress and inflammation. Flax lignans may also reduce cancer risk by
preventing pre-cancerous cellular changes and by reducing angiogenesis
and metastasis. Thus, dietary SDG has the potential to decrease the
incidence of several chronic diseases that result in significant
morbidity and mortality in industrialised countries. The available
literature, though, makes it difficult to clearly identify SDG health
effects because of the wide variability in study methods. However, the
current evidence suggests that a dose of at least 500 mg SDG/d for
approximately 8 weeks is needed to observe positive effects on
cardiovascular risk factors in human patients. Flaxseed and its lignan
extracts appear to be safe for most adult populations, though animal
studies suggest that pregnant women should limit their exposur,
according to "Health effects with consumption of the flax lignan secoisolariciresinol diglucoside" by Adolphe JL, Whiting SJ, Juurlink BH, Thorpe LU, Alcorn J(1)
2. Antioxidant activities
In
the evaluation of the antioxidant efficacy of potential physiological
concentrations of SDG, SECO, ED and EL against
1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH()), and
2,2'-azo-bis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH)-initiated peroxyl
radical plasmid DNA damage and phosphatidylcholine liposome lipid
peroxidation, found that the efficacy of lignans and controls against
AAPH peroxyl radical-induced DNA damage was:
SDG>SECO=17alpha-estradiol>ED=EL>genistein>daidzein. Lignan
efficacy against AAPH-induced liposome lipid peroxidation was:
SDG>SECO=ED=EL. Plant lignan antioxidant activity was attributed to
the 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyl substituents of SDG and SECO, versus the meta
mono-phenol structures of ED and EL. Benzylic hydrogen abstraction and
potential resonance stabilization of phenoxyl radicals in an aqueous
environment likely contributed to the antioxidant activity of the
mammalian lignans, according to "Antioxidant activities of the flaxseed lignan secoisolariciresinol diglucoside, its aglycone secoisolariciresinol and the mammalian lignans enterodiol and enterolactone in vitro" by Hu C, Yuan YV, Kitts DD.(2)
3. Cardiovascular health
In
the investigation of the effects of and its effect on cardiovascular
health, found that Flaxseed oil decreases soluble vascular cell adhesion
molecule-1 but has no effect on soluble intracellular adhesion
molecule-1, soluble E-selectin, and monocyte colony-stimulating factor.
Flaxseed has variable effects on IL-6, high-sensitivity C-reactive
protein, and soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1. FLC reduces
plasma levels of C-reactive protein but has no effects on IL-6, tumor
necrosis factor-alpha, soluble intracellular adhesion molecule-1,
soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, or monocyte chemoattractant
protein. Flaxseed has a very small hypotensive effect, but flaxseed oil
does not lower blood pressure. However, SDG is a very potent
hypotensive agent. Flaxseed oil decreases platelet aggregation and
increases platelet activating inhibitor-1 and bleeding time. Flaxseed
and FLC have no effect on the hemopoietic system. SDG is a potent
angiogenic and antiapoptotic agent that may have a role in
cardioprotection in ischemic heart disease, according to "Flaxseed and cardiovascular health" by Prasad K.(3)
4. Breast cancer
In the investigation of the effect of FS compared with pure lignan at the level it is present in FS [secoisolariciresinol
diglucoside (SDG)] and to the lignan-rich fraction [FS hull (FH)] on
human breast tumor growth and their potential mechanisms of action,
found that All treatments significantly inhibited cell proliferation,
but only FS and SDG induced significantly higher apoptosis. Both FS and
SDG significantly decreased mRNA expressions of Bcl2, cyclin D1, pS2,
ERalpha, and ERbeta, epidermal growth factor receptor, and insulin-like
growth factor receptor. FS also reduced human epidermal growth factor
receptor 2 mRNA and SDG decreased phospho-specific mitogen-activated
protein kinase expression, according to "Flaxseed and pure secoisolariciresinol diglucoside, but not flaxseed hull, reduce human breast tumor growth (MCF-7) in athymic mice" by Chen J, Saggar JK, Corey P, Thompson LU.(4)
5. MCF-7 tumor growth
In the elucidation of the component of flaxseed, i.e. secoisolariciresinol
diglucoside (SDG) lignan or flaxseed oil (FO), makes tamoxifen (TAM)
more effective in reducing growth of established estrogen receptor
positive breast tumors (MCF-7) at low circulating estrogen levels, and
potential mechanisms of action. In a 2 x 2 factorial design,
ovariectomized athymic mice,
found that all treatments reduced the
growth of TAM-treated tumors by reducing cell proliferation, expression
of genes, and proteins involved in the ER- and growth factor-mediated
signaling pathways with FO having the greatest effect in increasing
apoptosis compared with TAM treatment alone. SDG and FO reduced the
growth of TAM-treated tumors but FO was more effective. The mechanisms
involve both the ER- and growth factor-signaling pathways, according to
"Dietary flaxseed lignan or oil
combined with tamoxifen treatment affects MCF-7 tumor growth through
estrogen receptor- and growth factor-signaling pathways" by Saggar JK, Chen J, Corey P, Thompson LU.(5)
6. Bone density
In
the investigation of the association between habitual phyto-oestrogen
intake and broadband ultrasound attenuation (BUA) of the calcanaeum as
a marker of bone density, we collected 7 d records of diet, medical
history and demographic and anthropometric data from participants (aged
45-75 years) in the European Prospective Investigation into
Cancer-Norfolk study. Phyto-oestrogen (biochanin A, daidzein,
formononetin; genistein, glycitein; matairesinol;
secoisolariciresinol; enterolactone; equol) intake was determined
using a newly developed food composition database, found that non-soya
isoflavones are associated with bone density independent of Ca,
whereas the association with soya or soya isoflavones is affected by
dietary Ca, according to "Association between dietary phyto-oestrogens and bone density in men and postmenopausal women" by Kuhnle GG, Ward HA, Vogiatzoglou A, Luben RN, Mulligan A, Wareham NJ, Forouhi NG, Khaw KT.(6)
7. Obesity
In the observation in the mice, of the oral administration of (-)-secoisolariciresinol and in addition, subcutaneous injection of (-)-secoisolariciresinol also significantly suppressed the gain of body weight, found that (-)-secoisolariciresinol
exerts a suppressive effect on the gain of body weight of mice fed a
high-fat diet by inducing gene expression of adiponectin, resulting in
the altered expression of various genes related to the synthesis and
β-oxidation of fatty acids, according to "(-)-Secoisolariciresinol attenuates high-fat diet-induced obesity in C57BL/6 mice" by Tominaga S, Nishi K, Nishimoto S, Akiyama K, Yamauchi S, Sugahara T.(7)
8. Colon cancer
In the testing of the hypothesis that dietary secoisolariciresinol
diglucoside (SDG) might have a different effect than its metabolites in
human colonic SW480 cancer cells, found that SDG demonstrated similar
effects on cell growth, cytotoxicity, and cell cycle arrest when
compared with its metabolite enterolactone. However, the reliable
stability and undetectable intracellular SDG in treated cells may
suggest that metabolism of SDG, if exposed directly to the colonic
cells, could be different from the known degradation by microorganisms
in human gut, according to "Cytostatic inhibition of cancer cell growth by lignan secoisolariciresinol diglucoside" by Ayella A, Lim S, Jiang Y, Iwamoto T, Lin D, Tomich J, Wang W.(8)
9. Hypercholesterolemia and liver disease
In the investigation of the effects of flaxseed lignan (secoisolariciresinol
diglucoside [SDG]) intake on hypercholesterolemia and liver disease
risk factors in moderately hypercholesterolemic men, found that
SDG-treated subjects, we also observed a significant percentage decrease
in the levels of glutamic pyruvic transaminase and gamma-glutamyl
transpeptidase relative to the levels at baseline (P < .01) and a
significant percentage decrease in the level of gamma-glutamyl
transpeptidase relative to the placebo-treated group (P < .05). These
results suggest that daily administration of 100 mg SDG can be
effective at reducing blood level of cholesterol and hepatic diseases
risk in moderately hypercholesterolemic men, according to "Flaxseed lignan lowers blood cholesterol and decreases liver disease risk factors in moderately hypercholesterolemic men" by Fukumitsu S, Aida K, Shimizu H, Toyoda K.(9)
10. Plasma lipids and fasting glucose level
An
8-week, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study was
conducted in fifty-five hypercholesterolaemic subjects, using
treatments of 0 (placebo), 300 or 600 mg/d of dietary secoisolariciresinol
diglucoside (SDG) from flaxseed extract to determine the effect on
plasma lipids and fasting glucose levels, found that a substantial
effect on lowering concentrations of fasting plasma glucose was also
noted in the 600 mg SDG group at weeks 6 and 8, especially in the
subjects with baseline glucose concentrations > or = 5.83 mmol/l
(lowered 25.56 and 24.96 %; P = 0.015 and P = 0.012 compared with
placebo, respectively). Plasma concentrations of secoisolariciresinol
(SECO), enterodiol (ED) and enterolactone were all significantly raised
in the groups supplemented with flaxseed lignan, according to "Dietary flaxseed lignan extract lowers plasma cholesterol and glucose concentrations in hypercholesterolaemic subjects" by Zhang W, Wang X, Liu Y, Tian H, Flickinger B, Empie MW, Sun SZ.(10)
11. Benign prostatic hyperplasia
In
a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial with
repeated measurements was conducted over a 4-month period using
treatment dosages of 0 (placebo), 300, or 600 mg/day SDG, found that
dietary flaxseed lignan extract appreciably improves LUTS in BPH
subjects, and the therapeutic efficacy appeared comparable to that of
commonly used intervention agents of alpha1A-adrenoceptor blockers and
5alpha-reductase inhibitors, according to "Effects of dietary flaxseed lignan extract on symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia" by
Zhang W, Wang X, Liu Y, Tian H, Flickinger B, Empie MW, Sun SZ.(11)
12. Hypercholesterolemic atherosclerosis
In the evaluation of many natural products, including vitamin E, garlic, purpurogallin, flaxseed and its components [secoisolariciresinol
diglucoside (SDG) and flax lignan complex (FLC)] and resveratrol have
been reported to suppress hypercholesterolemic atherosclerosis, found
that The mechanisms of the ineffectiveness of vitamin E in regression
and slowing of progression of atherosclerosis have been discussed. SDG
is effective in slowing the progression of atherosclerosis and
partially effective in regression of hypercholesterolemic
atherosclerosis, according to "Natural products in regression and slowing of progression of atherosclerosis" by Prasad K.(12)
13. Etc.
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Sources
(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20003621
(2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17624649
(3) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19568181
(4) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19776177
(5) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19904759
(6) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21736835
(7) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22030618
(8) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21130295
(9) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20797475
(10) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18053310
(11) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18358071
(12) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20874684
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