Hydroxytyrosol is a phytochemical in the class of Tyrosol esters, belonging to the group of Phenolic compounds found abundantly in olive oil.
Health Benefits
1. Longevity
In
the determination if white wine and its cardioprotective components
possess anti-aging properties by feeding rats with these compounds,
found that the hearts expressed SirT, FoxO, and PBEF in the order of
white wine>resveratrol>tyrosol>hydroxytyrosol>red
wine, while cardioprotection shown by reduction of infarct size and
cardiomyocyte apoptosis followed a different pattern: resveratrol>red
wine>hydroxytyrosol>white
wine>tyrosol, suggesting the existence of different signaling
mechanisms for the induction of longevity and survival, according to " Expression
of the longevity proteins by both red and white wines and their
cardioprotective components, resveratrol, tyrosol, and hydroxytyrosol" by
Mukherjee S, Lekli I, Gurusamy N, Bertelli AA, Das DK.(1)
2. Anti breast cancer
In the investigation of hydroxytyrosol and tyrosol's effects in human breast cell lines, found that
hydroxytyrosol
decreases the intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) level in
MCF10A cells but not in MCF7 or MDA-MB-231 cells while very high amounts
of tyrosol is needed to decrease the ROS level in MCF10A cells.
Interestingly, hydroxytyrosol prevents oxidative DNA damage in the three breast cell lines, according to "Hydroxytyrosol Protects against Oxidative DNA Damage in Human Breast Cells" by Warleta F, Quesada CS, Campos M, Allouche Y, Beltrán G, Gaforio JJ.(2)
3. Antioxidants
In
the determination of the antioxidant and protective properties of crude
extract and fractions from Fructus Ligustri Lucidi (FLL) against
hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2))-induced oxidative damage in SH-SY5Y cells,
found that following exposure of cells to H(2)O(2),there was a marked
decrease in cell survival and intracellular antioxidant enzymes, and
then intracellular oxidative stress, the level of lipid peroxidation,
and caspase-3 activity were increased. Simultaneous treatment with the
EtOAc fraction blocked these H(2)O(2)-induced cellular events. Hydroxytyrosol and salidroside are major components of the EtOAc fraction, according to "Antioxidant
phenolic profile from ethyl acetate fraction of Fructus Ligustri
Lucidi with protection against hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative
damage in SH-SY5Y cells" by Ju HY, Chen SC, Wu KJ, Kuo HC, Hseu YC, Ching H, Wu CR.(3)
4. anti-inflammatory effects
In
the investigation of the topical delivery features of this new set of
antioxidant molecules as a function of their permeation profiles through
the human stratum corneum and viable epidermis membranes, found that
encouraging results prompt further investigations on the polyfunctional
role that hydroxytyrosol conjugates could have as agents in both anti-inflammatory and antioxidant therapies, according to "Lipophilic hydroxytyrosol esters: fatty acid conjugates for potential topical administration" by Procopio A, Celia C, Nardi M, Oliverio M, Paolino D, Sindona G.(4)
5. Chronic colitis
In the randomized study of Six-week-old mice of three dietary groups: standard, EVOO and hydroxytyrosol-enriched
EVOO. After 30 days, mice that were exposed to 3% DSS for 5 days
developed acute colitis that progressed to severe chronic inflammation
during a regime of 21 days of water, found that EVOO diets exerted a
noteworthy beneficial effect in chronic DSS-induced colitis by cytokine
modulation and COX-2 and iNOS reduction via downregulation of p38
MAPK. In addition to the beneficial effect by EVOO, supplementation of
the diet with hydroxytyrosol may improve chronic colitis through iNOS downregulation plus its antioxidant capacity, according to "Influence of extra virgin olive oil diet enriched with hydroxytyrosol in a chronic DSS colitis model" by Sánchez-Fidalgo S, Sánchez de Ibargüen L, Cárdeno A, Alarcón de la Lastra C.(5)
6. Anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic activities
In
the classification of the role played by H(2)O(2) in the
chemopreventive activities of 3,4-DHPEA on breast (MDA and MCF-7),
prostate (LNCap and PC3) and colon (SW480 and HCT116) cancer cell lines
and the investigation of the effects of cell culture medium components
and the possible mechanisms at the basis of the H(2)O(2)-producing
properties of 3,4-DHPEA,
found that the H(2)O(2)-inducing ability of
3,4-DHPEA is completely prevented by pyruvate and that the exposure of
cells to conditions not supporting the H(2)O(2) accumulation (addition
of either catalase or pyruvate to the culture medium) inhibited the
anti-proliferative effect of 3,4-DHPEA. Accordingly, the sensitivity of
the different cell lines to the anti-proliferative effect of 3,4-DHPEA
was inversely correlated with their ability to remove H(2)O(2) from
the culture medium, according to "Anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic activities of hydroxytyrosol on different tumour cells: the role of extracellular production of hydrogen peroxide" by Fabiani R, Sepporta MV, Rosignoli P, De Bartolomeo A, Crescimanno M, Morozzi G.(6)
7. Huntington's disease
In
the verification of whether extra-virgin olive oil (EVOO) exerted a
brain antioxidant effect, protecting the brain against the oxidative
stress caused by 3-nitropropionic acid (3NP).
found that EVOO and HT
reduces lipid peroxidation product levels and blocks the GSH depletion
prompted by 3NP in both striatum and rest of the brain in Wistar rats.
In addition, EVOO blocks and reverses the effect of 3NP on succinate
dehydrogenase activity. In brief, the data obtained indicate that EVOO
and HT act as a powerful brain antioxidant, according to "Olive oil reduces oxidative damage in a 3-nitropropionic acid-induced Huntington's disease-like rat model" by Tasset I, Pontes AJ, Hinojosa AJ, de la Torre R, Túnez I.(7)
8. Antimicrobial activity
In
the assesment of antimicrobial effects, in vitro that wastewaters from
alpeorujo oil extraction have against phytopathogenic bacteria and
fungi, found that the bactericidal effect was due to the joint action of
low molecular mass phenolic compounds, although neither hydroxytyrosol, its glucosides, hydroxytyrosol glycol, nor a glutaraldehyde-like compound individually explained this bioactivity, according to "Antimicrobial activity of olive solutions from stored Alpeorujo against plant pathogenic microorganisms" by Medina E, Romero C, de Los Santos B, de Castro A, Garcia A, Romero F, Brenes M.(8)
9. Osteoporosis symptoms
In the evaluation of the effects of oleuropein, hydroxytyrosol
and tyrosol, the major polyphenols in olives, on bone formation using
cultured osteoblasts and osteoclasts, and on bone loss in
ovariectomized mice, found that the olive polyphenols oleuropein and hydroxytyrosol
may have critical effects on the formation and maintenance of bone,
and can be used as effective remedies in the treatment of osteoporosis
symptoms, according to "Olive polyphenol hydroxytyrosol prevents bone loss" by Hagiwara K, Goto T, Araki M, Miyazaki H, Hagiwara H.(9)
10. Anti-platelet effects
In
the investigation of the effects of alperujo extract, an olive oil
production waste product containing the majority of polyphenols found
in olive fruits, through measurement of effects on platelet aggregation
and activation in isolated human platelets, and through identification
of changes in the platelet proteome, found that Alperujo extract (40
mg/L) significantly decreased in vitro ADP- (p = 0.002) and TRAP- (p =
0.02) induced platelet activation as measured by the flow cytometry
using the antibody for p-selectin (CD62p), but it did not affect the
conformation of the fibrinogen receptor as measured by flow cytometry
using the antibodies for anti-fibrinogen, CD42a and CD42b. Alperujo
extract (100 mg/L) inhibited both collagen- and TRAP-induced platelet
aggregation by 5% (p < 0.05), and a combination of hydroxytyrosol and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol, according to "Anti-platelet effects of olive oil extract: in vitro functional and proteomic studies"
by de Roos B, Zhang X, Rodriguez Gutierrez G, Wood S, Rucklidge GJ,
Reid MD, Duncan GJ, Cantlay LL, Duthie GG, O'Kennedy N.(10)
11. Cardiovascular disease
In the evaluation of whether the consumption of hydroxytyrosol-enriched
sunflower oil (HSO) improves certain CVD biomarker values, found that
the HSO group displayed a significantly higher level (P < 0·01) of
arylesterase activity and significantly lower levels of oxidised LDL and
sVCAM-1 (both P < 0·05) than the control group. These results
suggest that HSO may help prevent CVD, according to "Effects of hydroxytyrosol-enriched sunflower oil consumption on CVD risk factors" by Vázquez-Velasco M, Esperanza Díaz L, Lucas R, Gómez-Martínez S, Bastida S, Marcos A, Sánchez-Muniz FJ.(11)
12. Etc.
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Sources
(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19071213
(2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22254082
(3) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22142696
(4) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22014120
(5) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21874330
(6) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21805082
(7) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21756531
(8) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21630653
(9) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21539839
(10) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21197537
(11) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21138606
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