Epigallocatechin, including
catechins, is phytochemicals of Flavan-3-ols, in the group of Flavonoids
(polyphenols) with with the gallate residue being in an isomeric cis position, found abundantly in green tea, St John wort, black Tea, carob flour, Fuji apples, etc.
Health Benefits
1. Anti-Breast Cancer Activities
In the testing the hypothesis that administration of epigallocatechin-3-gallate
(EGCG), a polyphenol present in abundance in widely consumed tea, and
its inhibition of cell proliferation, invasion, and angiogenesis in
breast cancer, found that treatment with combination of radiotherapy and
EGCG feeding for 2-8 weeks to in vitro cultures of highly-metastatic
human MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells resulted in the following
significant changes: (1) suppression of cell proliferation and
invasion; (2) arrest of cell cycles at the G0/G1 phase; (3) reduction
of activation of MMP9/MMP2, expressions of Bcl-2/Bax, c-Met receptor,
NF-κB, and the phosphorylation of Akt. MDA-MB-231 cells exposed to 5-10
µM EGCG also showed significant augmentation of the apoptosis inducing
effects of γ-radiation, concomitant with reduced NF-κB protein level
and AKT phosphorylation, according to "Anti-Cancer Activities of Tea Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate in Breast Cancer Patients under Radiotherapy" by Zhang
G, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Wan X, Li J, Liu K, Wang F, Liu Q, Yang C, Yu P,
Huang Y, Wang S, Jiang P, Qu Z, Luan J, Duan H, Zhang L, Hou A, Jin S,
Hsieh TC (1)
2. Anti cancers
In the review and outline the wide range of mechanisms by which epigallocatechin
gallate (ECGC) and other green and black tea polyphenols' inhibition of
cancer cell found that EGCG reduced dihydrofolate reductase activity,
which would affect nucleic acid and protein synthesis. It also acted as
an aryl hydrocarbon receptor an-tagonist by directly binding the
receptor's molecular chaperone, heat shock protein 90. In conclusion,
green and black tea polyphenols act at numerous points regulating
cancer cell growth, survival, and metastasis, including effects at the
DNA, RNA, and protein levels, according to "Mechanisms of cancer prevention by green and black tea polyphenols" by Beltz LA, Bayer DK, Moss AL, Simet IM.(2)
3. Anti-atherosclerotic effects
In
the localization and target sites of tea catechins underlying their
biological activity including anti-atherosclerotic activity, found that
ECg could suppress the gene expression of a scavenger receptor CD36, a
key molecule for foam cell formation, in macrophage cells. These
results, for the first time, showed the target site of a tea component
ECg in the aorta and might provide a mechanism for the
anti-atherosclerotic actions of the catechins, according to "(-)-Epicatechin gallate
accumulates in foamy macrophages in human atherosclerotic aorta:
implication in the anti-atherosclerotic actions of tea catechins" by Kawai Y, Tanaka H, Murota K, Naito M, Terao J.(3)
4. Inflammatory effects
In
the determination of the up-regulated expressions of IL-8 or PGE(2) in
Streptococci or PAMP-stimulated HDPF were inhibited by catechins, (-)-epicatechin gallate
(ECG) and (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG). In TLR2
ligand-stimulated HDPF, found that catechins might be useful
therapeutically as an anti-inflammatory modulator of dental pulpal inflammation, according to "Tea
catechins reduce inflammatory reactions via mitogen-activated protein
kinase pathways in toll-like receptor 2 ligand-stimulated dental pulp
cells" by Hirao K, Yumoto H, Nakanishi T, Mukai K, Takahashi K, Takegawa D, Matsuo T.(4)
5. Cardiovascular diseases
In the identification of green tea catechins and its lowering the risk of cardiovascular diseases,
found that green tea catechins, particularly (-)-epigallocatechin
gallate, interfere with the emulsification, digestion, and micellar
solubilization of lipids, critical steps involved in the intestinal
absorption of dietary fat, cholesterol, and other lipids. Based on the
observations, it is likely that green tea or its catechins lower the
absorption and tissue accumulation of other lipophilic organic
compounds, according to "Green tea as inhibitor of the intestinal absorption of lipids: potential mechanism for its lipid-lowering effect" by Koo SI, Noh SK.(5)
6. Antiviral activities
In the observation of Catechin derivatives including (-)-epicatechin gallate
(ECG), (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), (-)-epigallocatechin (EGC)
and green tea extract (GTE) and theirs inhibition of the activities of
cloned human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase
(HIV-1 RT), duck hepatitis
B virus replication complexes reverse transcriptase (DHBV RCs RT),
herpes simplex virus 1 DNA polymerase (HSV-1 DNAP) and cow thymus DNA
polymerase alpha (CT DNAP alpha, found that GCG exerts a mixed
inhibition with respect to external template inducer poly (rA).oligo
(dT) 12-18 and a noncompetitive inhibition with respect to substrate
dTTP for HIV-1 RT. Bovine serum albumin significantly reduced the
inhibitory effects of catechin analogues and GTE on HIV-1 RT. In tissue
culture GTE inhibited the cytopathic effect of coxsackie B3 virus, but
did not inhibit the cytopathic effects of HSV-1, HSV-2, influenza A or
influenza B viruses, according to "[The
inhibitory effects of catechin derivatives on the activities of human
immunodeficiency virus reverse transcriptase and DNA
polymerases].[Article in Chinese]" by Tao P.(6)
7. Metabolic syndrome
In the investigation of Tea catechins, including the gallate esters of catechins, (-)-epicatechin gallate
(ECG) and (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG). in reducing serum
cholesterol concentrations and suppressing postprandial
hypertriacylglycerolemia in experimental animals and humans, found that
tea catechins and heat-treated tea catechins with the galloyl moiety
improve lipid metabolism and contribute to the prevention of the
metabolic syndrome, according to "Multifunctional effects of green tea catechins on prevention of the metabolic syndrome" by Ikeda I.(7)
8. Cognitive effects
in
the examination of examined whether long-term administration of green
tea catechins [Polyphenon E (PE): 63% of epigallocatechin-3-gallate,
11% of epicatechin, 6% of (-)-epigallocatechin and 6% of (-)-epicatechin-gallate] prevents cognitive
impairment in an animal model of AD, rats infused with Abeta1-40 into
the cerebral ventricle, found that rats with preadministered PE had
higher ferric-reducing antioxidation power of plasma as compared with
the Vehicle group. Our results suggest that long-term administration of
green tea catechins provides effective prophylactic benefits against
Abeta-induced cognitive impairment by increasing antioxidative defenses, according to "Green tea catechins prevent cognitive deficits caused by Abeta1-40 in rats" by Haque AM, Hashimoto M, Katakura M, Hara Y, Shido O.(8)
9. Cholesterol
In
the examination of the influence of green tea extract, epicatechin
(EC), epicatechin galate (ECG) as well as epigallocatechin galate
(EGCG) on oxidative modifications of LDL
of human blood serum, found that Catechins and green tea abilities to
protect lipophilic antioxidant--alpha-tocopherol against oxidation have
been also examined. The results reveal that peroxidation of LDL
is markedly prevented by green tea extract and in a slightly weaker
way by catechins (EGCG in particular), which is manifested by a
decrease in concentration of conjugated dienes, lipid hydroperoxides,
MDA, dityrosine and by an increase in tryptophan content, according to "The comparison of effect of catechins and green tea extract on oxidative modification of LDL in vitro" by Ostrowska J, Skrzydlewska E.(9)
10. Anti diabetes
In the observation of the effect of tea catechins (epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), epigallocatechin (EGC), epicatechin gallate
(ECG) and epicatechin (EC)) on markers of oxidative stress
(malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH) and membrane -SH
group) in erythrocytes from type 2 diabetics, found that tea catechins
protect erythrocytes from t-BHP-induced oxidative stress, the effect
being more pronounced in diabetic erythrocytes. The relative
effectiveness of individual catechins are in the order of
EGCG>ECG>EGC>EC. 7. We hypothesise that a higher intake of
catechin-rich food by diabetic patients may provide some protection
against the development of long-term complications of diabetes, according to "Protective role of tea catechins against oxidation-induced damage of type 2 diabetic erythrocytes" by Rizvi SI, Zaid MA, Anis R, Mishra N.(10)
11. Antioxidants
In
the evaluation of the effects of the main polyphenolic components
extracted from green tea leaves, i.e. (-)-epicatechin (EC),
(-)-epigallocatechin (EGC), (-)-epicatechin gallate
(ECG), (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and gallic acid (GA),
against free radical initiated peroxidation of human low density
lipoprotein (LDL), found that The antioxidative action of the green tea
polyphenols includes trapping the initiating and/or propagating peroxyl
radicals with the activity sequence EC>EGCG>ECG>EGC>GA for
the AAPH initiated peroxidation, and reducing the alpha-tocopheroxyl
radical to regenerate alpha-tocopherol with the activity sequence of
ECG>EC>EGCG>EGC>GA and ECG>EGCG>GA>EC>EGC for
the AAPH-initiated and BP-photosensitized peroxidations respectively,
according to "Antioxidative effects of
green tea polyphenols on free radical initiated and photosensitized
peroxidation of human low density lipoprotein" by Liu Z, Ma LP, Zhou B, Yang L, Liu ZL.(11)
12. Etc.
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Sources
(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22280355
(2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17017850
(3) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18657514
(4) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20176036
(5) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17296491
(6) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1284389
(7) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=epicatechin%20gallate%20and%20fat%20oxidation
(8) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=epicatechin%20gallate%20and%20coginive%20effects
(9) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17357329
(10) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15730438
(11) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10878235
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