Lower respiratory tract infection
The lower respiratory tract infection are the infection consisting of
the trachea (wind pipe), bronchial tubes, the bronchioles, and the
lungs, including the bronchitis and pneumonia. According to The World
Health Report 2004 – Changing History(1), in 2002 lower respiratory
track infection were still the leading cause of deaths among all
infectious diseases, and accounted for 3.9 million deaths worldwide and
6.9% of all deaths that year.
Bronchitis is defined as a condition of an inflammation of the
mucous membranes of the bronchi, the larger and medium-sized airways
that carry airflow from the trachea into the lung parenchyma(7). Most
cases of Bronchitis are as a result of recurrent injure to the airways
caused by inhaled irritants and cigarette smoking(6).
A.2. Risk factors
1. Tuberculosis and occupational exposures
In the study to determine the prevalence and predictors of chronic
bronchitis, found that the pattern of chronic bronchitis in South Africa
suggests a combination of risk factors that includes not only smoking
but also tuberculosis, occupational exposures in men and domestic fuel
exposure in women. Control of these risk factors requires public health
action across a broad front(14).
2. Household income adequacy
In the study to determine the prevalence of chronic bronchitis (CB) and
associated risk factors in farm and nonfarm rural residents in
Saskatchewan, Canada, found that increasing household income and
reducing smoking could be primary, modifiable determinants of CB
prevalence(15).
3. Age, low income, allergic, asthma, geographic location
In the study to determine the prevalence (crude and adjusted) of CB and
its associated risk factors in Canadian Aboriginal children and youth
six to 14 years of age, found that the prevalence of CB was 3.1% for
boys and 2.8% for girls. Other significant risk factors of CB were age
(OR 1.38 [95% CI 1.24 to 1.52] for 12 to 14 year olds versus six to
eight year olds), income (OR 2.28 [95% CI 2.02 to 2.59] for income
category <$25,000⁄year versus ≥$85,000⁄year), allergies (OR 1.96 [95%
CI 1.78 to 2.16] for having allergies versus no allergies), asthma (OR
7.61 [ 95% CI 6.91 to 8.37] for having asthma versus no asthma) and
location of residence (rural⁄urban and geographical location). A
significant two-way interaction between sex and body mass index
indicated that the relationship between the prevalence of CB and body
mass index was modified by sex(16).
4. Gender
If you are female, you are at inscreased risk to develop brochitis. In
the study to analyze the trend of gender gaps in life expectancy (GGLE)
in Japan between 1947 and 2010, and explored the correlations of GGLE
with gender mortality ratio and social development indices, found that
the increased trend of GGLE in Japan could be partly explained by
increased disease-specific mortality ratios (male/female), especially those involving chronic bronchitis and emphysema,
diseases of the liver, suicide and cancer. The recent decline of GGLE
might imply that Japanese women have been catching up with the lifestyle
of men, resulting in similar mortality patterns(17).
5. Influenza vaccination coverges and other risk factors
Other researchers in the study of influenza vaccination coverges, found
that Socio-economic factors, such as gender, age, educational level,
occupational status and macro-region of residence, affect influenza
vaccination coverage rates in the Italian general population. In
addition, some chronic medical conditions are an obstacle for
vaccination(18)
6. Immunodeficiencies
According to the study by Sheffield Children’s Hospital, Western Bank,
Protracted bacterial bronchitis (PBB) is a disease caused by the chronic
infection of the conducting airways. In many children the condition
appears to be secondary to impaired mucociliary clearance that creates a
niche for bacteria to become established, probably in the form of
biofilms. In others, immunodeficiencies, which may be subtle, appear to
be a factor. PBB causes persistent coughing and disturbed sleep, and
affects exercise tolerance, causing significant levels of
morbidity(18a).
7. Other risk factors
Accoring to the University of Saskatchewan, in the study to determine
the prevalence of chronic bronchitis (CB) and associated risk factors in
farm and nonfarm rural residents in Saskatchewan, Canada, showed that
The prevalence of CB was 5.3% among farm residents and 6.4% among
nonfarm residents. A greater prevalence of CB is associated with household income adequacy, increasing
age, allergies, history of lung disease in a parent, exposure to
stubble smoke, obesity, prenatal exposure to smoking, and female sex. Smoking interacted with occupational exposure to wood dust and solvents, and allergic reaction to molds(13).
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Sources
(1) http://www.who.int/whr/2004/en/
(6) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC130746/
(7) http://www.lung.org/lung-disease/bronchitis-chronic/understanding-chronic-bronchitis.html
(13) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23114384
(14) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15139477
(15) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23114384
(16) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23248806
(17) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23216600
(18) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21035825
(18a) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23175647
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