Lower respiratory tract infection
The lower respiratory tract infection are the infection consisting of
the trachea (wind pipe), bronchial tubes, the bronchioles, and the
lungs, including the bronchitis and pneumonia. According to The World
Health Report 2004 – Changing History(1), in 2002 lower respiratory
track infection were still the leading cause of deaths among all
infectious diseases, and accounted for 3.9 million deaths worldwide and
6.9% of all deaths that year.
Bronchitis is defined as a condition of an inflammation of the
mucous membranes of the bronchi, the larger and medium-sized airways
that carry airflow from the trachea into the lung parenchyma(7). Most
cases of Bronchitis are as a result of recurrent injure to the airways
caused by inhaled irritants and cigarette smoking(6).
E. Preventions
E.3. Antioxidants to prevent bronchitis
1. Antioxidant vitamins C, E and coenzyme Q10
In the study to to evaluate the effects of antioxidant vitamins (vitamin
C and E), Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) and dexamethasone (Dxm) in experimental
rat models with pulmonary contusion (PC), showed that Administration of
CoQ10 resulted in a significant increase in PaO2 values compared with
the group I (p = 0.004). Levels of plasma MDA in group II were
significantly higher than those in the group I (p = 0.01). Early
administration of vitamin C, CoQ10, and Dxm significantly decreased the
levels of MDA (p = 0.01). Lung contusion due to blunt trauma
significantly decreased SOD activities in rat lung tissue compared with
group I (p = 0.01). SOD levels were significantly elevated in animals
treated with CoQ10, Vitamin E, or Dxm compared with group II (p =
0.01)(46).
2. Vitamin D
In the cohort to investigate the association of maternal vitamin D and
maternal asthma and infant respiratory infection severity of 70% white,
19% African American, and 21% had asthma, found that
overall, the median maternal vitamin D level was 20 ng/mL (interquartile
range, 14-28). Among white women, a 14 ng/mL increase in vitamin D was
associated with a decreased odds of asthma (adjusted odds ratio, 0.54;
95% confidence interval, 0.33-0.86). Maternal vitamin D was not
associated with infant bronchiolitis score(47).
3. Curcumin
Curcumin derived from the rhizome of turmeric has been used for decades
and it exhibits anti-inflammatory, anti-carcinogenic, immunomodulatory
properties by downregulation of various inflammatory mediators,.
according to the study by Panjab University(48)
4. Etc.
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Sources
(1) http://www.who.int/whr/2004/en/
(6) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC130746/
(7) http://www.lung.org/lung-disease/bronchitis-chronic/understanding-chronic-bronchitis.html
(46) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23013526
(47) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21658670
(48) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16025962
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