Lower respiratory tract infection
The lower respiratory tract infection are the infection consisting of
the trachea (wind pipe), bronchial tubes, the bronchioles, and the
lungs, including the bronchitis and pneumonia. According to The World
Health Report 2004 – Changing History(1), in 2002 lower respiratory
track infection were still the leading cause of deaths among all
infectious diseases, and accounted for 3.9 million deaths worldwide and
6.9% of all deaths that year.
Bronchitis is defined as a condition of an inflammation of the
mucous membranes of the bronchi, the larger and medium-sized airways
that carry airflow from the trachea into the lung parenchyma(7). Most
cases of Bronchitis are as a result of recurrent injure to the airways
caused by inhaled irritants and cigarette smoking(6).
B.2. Diseases associated with Bronchitis
1. Diabetes mellitus
In the study of 311 patients with chronic occupational bronchitis
associated with diabetes mellitus (or diabetes-free) revealed lipid
metabolism disorders presenting with overweight, obesity,
dyslipoproteinemia. Diabetes mellitus addition to chronic bronchitis
increased frequency of lipid metabolism disorders and higher values of
lipid state. The revealed lipid metabolism disorders were more marked in
the females(23).
2. Upper Respiratory Tract Infection and Flu (Influenza)
In the study to examine the relationship between physician visit time
and antibiotic prescribing for children with viral respiratory tract
infection (RTI), found that in the 2739 visits from the NAMCS database,
representing 119,926 visits nationally, met study criteria. Antibiotics
were prescribed at 46,949 (39%) visits-75% with a diagnosis of
bronchitis, 54% with bronchiolitis, and 30% with cold or URI. After
adjusting for factors related to physician visit time, there was no
difference in visit duration when antibiotics were or were not
prescribed (13.6 +/- 8.4 and 13.3 +/- 9.6 minutes, respectively, P =
0.24)(24).
3. Lung cancer
In the study to clarify the role of previous lung diseases (chronic
bronchitis, emphysema, pneumonia, and tuberculosis) in the development
of lung cancer, by conducting conducted a pooled analysis of studies in
the International Lung Cancer Consortium, showed that a history of
chronic bronchitis conferred a relative risk of 1.47 (95% CI: 1.29, 1.68
(13 studies)). Tuberculosis (relative risk = 1.48, 95% CI: 1.17, 1.87
(16 studies)) and pneumonia (relative risk = 1.57, 95% CI: 1.22, 2.01
(12 studies)) were also associated with lung cancer risk(25).
4. Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)
I According to the study in the evaluating the association between the
frequency of acid reflux (AR) and weakly acid reflux (WAR) and specific
respiratory symptoms (RS) in childhood, showed that a higher number of
AR over WAR events was detected (p < 0.0001) but the WAR-to-AR events
ratio progressively decreased with the age of the subjects (p <
0.01). Similar total number of reflux events was found in the three age
group and in children with a more prevalent WAR or AR. The most
prevalent RS, equally distributed among the three age groups, were
persistent and/or nocturnal cough, wheezy bronchitis/asthma, and
recurrent lower respiratory tract infections (RLRTI)(26).
5. Emphysema
Pulmonary emphysema, together with chronic bronchitis is a part of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
6. Etc.
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Sources
(1) http://www.who.int/whr/2004/en/
(6) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC130746/
(7) http://www.lung.org/lung-disease/bronchitis-chronic/understanding-chronic-bronchitis.html
(23) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23156061
(24) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16713933
(25) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22986146
(26) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21334184
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