Lower respiratory tract infection
The lower respiratory tract infection are the infection consisting of
the trachea (wind pipe), bronchial tubes, the bronchioles, and the
lungs, including the bronchitis and pneumonia. According to The World
Health Report 2004 – Changing History(1), in 2002 lower respiratory
track infection were still the leading cause of deaths among all
infectious diseases, and accounted for 3.9 million deaths worldwide and
6.9% of all deaths that year.
Bronchitis is defined as a condition of an inflammation of the
mucous membranes of the bronchi, the larger and medium-sized airways
that carry airflow from the trachea into the lung parenchyma(7). Most
cases of Bronchitis are as a result of recurrent injure to the airways
caused by inhaled irritants and cigarette smoking(6).
E. Preventions
E.2. Phytochemicals to prevent bronchitis
1. Quercetin
Mucus hypersecretion is a feature of many chronic airway diseases
induced by cigarette smoke (CS), and evidence suggests that the
antioxidant and anti-inflammatory flavonoid quercetin may protect
against CS-induced respiratory pathology. According to the study by
State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Department of Respiratory
Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, quercetin attenuates
CS-induced mucin protein synthesis in rat lung, possibly by inhibiting
oxidative stress and inflammation via a mechanism involving NF-κB
pathway activation and EGFR phosphorylation. These findings suggest that
quercetin has a potential for treating chronic airway diseases(42).
2. Catechin
Catechin found abundantly in Actinidia callosa var. ephippioides extract
also had good effects in the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory
activities. Catechin might be an important bioactive compound in the
stem of ACE. The above experimental data indicated that the stem of ACE
is a potent antioxidant medicinal plant, and such efficacy may be mainly
attributed to its polyphenolic compounds(43).
3. Eupafolin
Eupafolin found abundantly in Kalanchoe gracilis (L.) DC stem also had
good pharmacological activity in the antioxidant, anti-inflammation and
antiproliferative. Eupafolin might be an important bioactive compound in
the stem of K. gracilis. The above experimental data indicated that the
stem of K. gracilis is a potent antioxidant medicinal plant, and such
efficacy may be mainly attributed to its polyphenolic compounds(44).
4. Puerarin
Puerarin is a major isoflavonoid derived from the Chinese medical herb
Radix puerariae (kudzu root), In the study to investigate the myocardial
protective effect of puerarin injection (PI) in children with severe
pneumonia, conducted by Hospital Affiliated to Weifang Medical College,
indicated that
change of serum myocardial zymographic parameters was indirectly
proportional to the severity of childrens condition. The reduction of
myocardial contrastive function was demonstrated by the change of
cardiac blood flow parameters in Ultrasound Doppler examination (P <
0.01). Both PI and FDP had the effect in protecting myocardium and
improving heart function, showing insignificant difference between their
efficacy (P > 0.05), but PI had less stimulation to vessels and
without any obvious adverse reaction(45).
5. Etc.
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Sources
(1) http://www.who.int/whr/2004/en/
(6) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC130746/
(7) http://www.lung.org/lung-disease/bronchitis-chronic/understanding-chronic-bronchitis.html
(42) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22465384
(43) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22928834
(44) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22083996
(45) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16025962
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"Let Take Care Your Health, Your Health Will Take Care You" Kyle J.
Norton
I have been studying natural remedies for disease prevention for over 20
years and working as a financial consultant since 1990. Master degree
in Mathematics, teaching and tutoring math at colleges and universities
before joining insurance industries. Part time Health, Insurance and
Entertainment Article Writer.
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