Definition
Human aging is a biological process, no
one can stop, but delay it. It is possible that one person has a
physiological younger than his or her biological if one engages in
healthy living life style and eating healthily by increasing the intake
of good healthy food such as whole grain, fruits, vegetables, beans and
legumes, etc. and reducing the consumption of harmful foods, such as
saturated fat, trans fat, artificial ingredients, etc.
Most Common Types of Free Radicals
Free radicals are atoms, molecules, or ions with unpaired electrons through chemical bonds with other atoms or molecules
during a chemical reaction. They may have positive, negative or zero
charge. The unpaired electrons cause radicals to be highly chemically
reactive in the human body, leading to aging and cancers.
1. Hydroxyl radical (OH•)
The hydroxyl radical, is the neutral form of the hydroxide ion (OH–).
It is produced from the decomposition of hydroperoxides (ROOH) by the
reaction of an elevation in energy level above an arbitrary baseline
energy state molecular oxygen with water.
The hydroxyl radical is highly reactive and has a very short in vivo half-life of approx. 10−9 s This
makes it a very dangerous compound to the organism. Hydroxyl radical
cannot be eliminated by an enzymatic reaction and can damage virtually
all types of macromolecules: carbohydrates, nucleic acids (mutations),
lipids (lipid peroxidation) and amino acids, that makes it a very danger
compound to shorten the life span of human being.
2. Superoxide anion radical (O2–•)
A
superoxide anion is a compound that possesses an atom or molecule in
which the total number of electrons is not equal to the total number of
protons, giving it a net positive or negative electrical charge with the chemical formula O2− with one unpaired electron, leading to the generating of superoxide anion free radical.
Mutations
in the gene coding for the NADPH oxidase cause immune deficiency
chronic granulomatous disease, leading to extreme susceptibility to
infection and pathogenesis of many diseases, including aging.
3. Singlet oxygen
Singlet oxygen is the common name used for the diamagnetic form of molecular oxygen (O2), which is less stable than the normal triplet oxygen. In biological study, species, Singlet oxygen causes oxidation of LDL cholesterol and resultant cardiovascular effects.
Since singlet oxygen with activation by light can produce severe photosensitivity of skin, leading to skin defects.
4. Hydrogen peroxide
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)
is the simplest peroxide, a clear liquid, slightly more viscous than
water, that appears colorless in dilute solution. It is considered a
highly reactive oxygen species because of its strong oxidizing capacity.
Hydrogen peroxide
A
study published in Nature found that hydrogen peroxide plays a role in
the immune system by signaling the white blood cells to converge on the
site of damage. The process leads to white blood cells did not
accumulate at the site of damage, but somewhere else if the gene in
production of hydrogen peroxide is altered, causing higher levels of
hydrogen peroxide and white blood cells in their lungs accumulation in
the lung than healthy people.
5. Lipid peroxyl free radical
Lipid peroxidation is a process in which free radicals steal electrons from the lipids in cell membranes, most often affecting polyunsaturated fatty acids,
resulting in damaging to the cell membrane, which consists mainly of
lipids, because of chain reaction after initial oxidating by producing
even more lipid peroxyl free radicals if not bought under controlled
fast enough.
6. Nitric oxide
Nitric
oxide is a chemical compound with chemical formula NO. Even though low
levels of NO production are important in protecting liver from ischemic damage
and contribute to proper smooth muscle contraction and growth, but its
free radical and toxic nature can cause DNA damage and inflammation.
7. Alkoxyl radical
Alkoxyl radical which is an alkyl (carbon and hydrogen chain) group singular bonded to oxygen can result in cellular damage caused by oxyfluorfen, a herbicide.
8. Peroxynitrite
Peroxynitrite is the anion with the formula ONOO−reacted
quikly with carbon dioxide, leading to forming of carbonate and
nitrogen dioxide radicals. If the two radicals do not recombine to form
carbon dioxide and nitrate, they can cause peroxynitrite-related
cellular damage.
9. Etc.
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