(Preview)Most common diseases of 50 plus - Diseases of Central Nervous system(CNS): Dementia - Treatments of Dementia associated with Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD)

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         Diseases of Central Nervous system

                           Dementia

About 5-8% of all people over the age of 65 have some form of dementia, and this number doubles every five years above that age. Dementia is the loss of mental ability, severe enough to interfere with people's every life and Alzheimer's disease is the most common type of dementia in aging people.

VI. Treatments
Depending to the causes of disease, most medication are to control the symptoms

C.3. Dementia associated to Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
People who have eaten contaminated beef in a prolonged period of times may be infected by infectious agent prion(514) without even knowing it. Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease is a quickly progressing and fatal disease(513) inducing dementia(515), especially in elder(516) and degeneration of skeletal muscle, peripheral nerves(517) linked to mutations in the PrP gene(518). CJD is characterized by rapidly progressive dementia(513)(519). Initially, individuals experience  of epilepsy seizure(519), problems with muscular coordination(522); cognitive change (loss of motor planning, loss of motor functioning's, inability to speak)(519), such as  impaired memory(521), loss of functional independence(523) and impaired vision(520). People with the disease also may experience insomnia(524)(525), depression(526)(527), or unusual sensations(522).

II. Treatments of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD)
There is no treatment that can cure or control CJD. The available treatments are to relieve the symptoms and may help slow the disease.
1. Interleukins
a. Interleukins is defined as any group of naturally occurring proteins that mediate communication between cells(528), produced by while blood cells. The set of interleukins stimulated by a specific infectious agent in determined cells in responding to the infection and influences(528) through its modulated inflammation and immune response.(529).
According to University Hospital Göttingen, interleukin 10 levels, inflammatory cytokines(530) were significantly elevated in the cerebrospinal fluid of CJD, dementia, motoneuron disease patients through it inflammatory cytokines(529). Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)(532) and prostaglandins (PGs)(533) are the most conventional medicine used to treat neurotoxiticy in acute conditions, including in inflammatory chronic diseases, such as Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD)(531).

b. Common side effects are not limit to
b.1. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)
b.1.1 Insomnia,
b.1.2 Abdominal pain,
b.1.3. Flatulence (gas),
b.1.4. Headache ,
b.1.5.  Nausea and diarrhea.

b.2. Prostaglandins (PGs)
b.2. Dizziness
b.2.2. Fainting
b.2.3. Irregular heartbeat or pulse•
b.2.4. Slow heartbeat

2. Other medication
2.1.  Quinacrine
a. Quinacrine used for treatment of giardiasis caused by Giardia lamblia(535) may be a potential medicine for treatment ofCreutzfeldt-Jakob disease(CJD)(536)(537), according to a report in The Mail on Sunday, on Sunday 12 August 2001, entitled "Briton 'cured' in CJD drug trial"(534).
Although Quinacrine at a dose of 300 mg per day was reasonably tolerated, it did not induce significantly affect in course of prion diseases(537), including Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD(538)(539).
b. Most common side effects are not limit to
b.1. Abdominal and  cramps
b.2. Diarrhea
b.3. Fever
b.4. Headache
b.5. loss of appetite
b.6. Changes in menstrual flow
b.7. Nausea and vomiting

2.2. Gamma-aminobutyric acid, dopamine and serotonin
 a. Other medication used to control aggressive and uncontrolled behavior, such as gamma-aminobutyric acid(541)(542)(543) with functions of inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system(540), (541)(543) dopamine with functions as a neurotransmitter and serotonin(542)(543) also functions as a neurotransmitter may be helpful.
b. Common side effects are not limit to
b.1. Gamma-aminobutyric acid
b.1.1. Anxiety
b..2.2. Dizziness
b.1.3.Drowsiness
b.1.4 dry mouth
b.1.5. Blurred vision
b.1.6. Constipation
b.1.7. Irritation
b.1.8. Joint or muscle pain
b.1.9. Increased appetite

b.2. Dopamine
b.2.1.Fast heartbeat
b.2.2. Headache
b.2.3. Nausea
b.2.4. Vomiting

b.3.. Serotonin
b.3.1. Feeling agitated, shaky or anxious
b.3.2. Indigestion
b.3.3. Diarrhea or constipation
b.3.4. Loss of appetite
b.3.5. Weight loss
b.3.6. Dizziness
b.3.7. Blurred vision
b.3.8. Excessive sweating
b.3.9. Insomnia
b.3.10. Dry mouth


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References
(513) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23225013
(514) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22196171
(515) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22810280
(156) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23436051
(517) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8287472
(518) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7767493
(519) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24704099
(520) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12506094
(521) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21980750
(522) (1) http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/cjd/detail_cjd.htm#186463058
(523) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23207489
(524) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12733424
(525) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20978903
(526) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10456721
(527) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11781885
(528) http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/290335/interleukin-IL
(529)  http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16216944
(530) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25579391
(531) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17612048
(532) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15453089
(533) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16101543
(534) http://www.cjd.ed.ac.uk/TREAT.htm
(535) Atabrine package insert (Winthrop—US), Rev 8/85, Rec 9/8/87.
(536) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24122181
(537) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19278902
(538) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24122181
(539) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15623716
(540) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma-Aminobutyric_acid
(541) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25577325
(542) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12373445
(543) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16325649

Reprinted from Norton Journal, Volume I, Most Common Diseases of Ages of 50 Plus - Chapter of Diseases of Central Nervous system(CNS): Dementia - Treatments by Kyle J. Norton