Thursday 20 August 2020

Moronic acid, The Potential Anti-inflammatory Antioxidant

By Kyle J. Norton

Inflammation is a natural defense of the immune system that protects the body against the insult from the foreign invasion.

In other words, inflammation is a process of the immune system that responds to harmful pathogens.

In the acute phase of infection, the immune system after receiving information from the neurons, macrophages, the largest white blood cells in the first line of defense stimulate the production of blood palette to cover the wound and the production of inflammatory cytokines to kill off micro-organisms, leading to symptoms of fever, redness, and swelling.

Acute inflammation occurs quickly or within the hours and lasts a few days or weeks and the damaged tissues are healed themselves after all pathogens are killed off.

However, if the immune system can not completely eradicate all invaders in the acute phase of infection, it will compromise, leading to chronic low-grade inflammation, a major cause of cardiovascular disease, arthritis, and diabetes.

Any inflammation that lasts more than 8 weeks is considered chronic inflammation.

In some cases, the overproduction of proinflammatory cytokines may damage nearby healthy cells and tissues, causing the formation of scars.

In severe cases, a protein with duo functions in the production of pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines which produce anti-inflammatory cytokines under normal condition also switch to produce pro-inflammatory cytokines.

Chronic inflammation is a low-grade inflammation caused by the inability of the immune system to eliminate the invasive pathogens that occurred in the acute phase of infection.

In the US, chronic inflammatory diseases affect more than 50 million Americans each year.

Conventionally, Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are the most common medical drugs such as aspirin. ibuprofen in reducing inflammation associated with pain-relieving.

Moronic acid is a phytochemical in the subclass of Triterpenoid, belonging to the group of Terpenes found in extracted from Rhus javanica, Mistletoe, etc.

On finding a potential phytochemical for the treatment of inflammatory diseases, researchers examined the FS-3 fraction, obtained from the dichloromethane extract isolated from B. cuneata, comprised triterpenes β-sitosterol (1), α-amyrin (2), moronic acid (3), and ursolic acid (4) on inflammation.

Comparison to indomethacin (41.5 ± 0.6%) treatment at 0.1 mg/mouse ear, moronic acid displayed the highest inhibitory effect (68.1 ± 1.3%).

In HPLC treated tissues. moronic acid was the most active (73.3 ± 1.1%, indomethacin 33.8 ± 0.8%) in the inhibition of levels of histamine involved in the inflammatory response.

* Moronic acid was the principal anti-inflammatory and antihistaminic compound present in B. cuneata.

Most importantly, moronic acid showed a strong activity on the activation of RAW 264.7 cell stimulated with LPS, at 30 and 15 mg/mL and a significant reduction of ON (36% and 28% respectively) but had no significant effect on TNFα production.

Taken altogether, moronic acid may be considered supplements for the treatment of diseases associated with inflammation, pending to the confirmation of the larger sample size and multicenter human study.

Intake of moronic acid in the form of supplements should be taken with extreme care to prevent overdose acute liver toxicity.


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Author Biography
Kyle J. Norton (Scholar, Master of Nutrition, All right reserved)
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published online, including worldwide health, ezine articles, article base, health blogs, self-growth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bioscience, ISSN 0975-6299.

Sources
(1) Anti-inflammatory and antihistaminic activity of triterpenoids isolated from Bursera cuneata (Schldl.) Engl by Figueroa-Suárez MZ1, González Christen J2, Cardoso-Taketa AT3, Gutiérrez Villafuerte MDC4, Rodríguez-López V. (PubMed)

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