Isothiocyanates, The Potential Anti Cancers Phytochemicals

By Kyle J. Norton

Dithiolthione, a phytochemical found abundantly in the cruciferous vegetables may be next target for the development of chemo medicine for the treatment of cancer without inducing any side effects, some study suggested.

Cancers are the class of chronic and medical condition characterized by cell growth disorderly and uncontrollably that start on the inner lining of the tissue of an organ due to the alternation of cell DNA.

At the advanced stage, most cancer cells can travel a distance away from the original site to infect other healthy tissue and organs through blood and fluids circulation.

The causes of cancer are unknown. Epidemiological studies suggested that depending to the types of cancer, most common risk factors are aging, tobacco, sun exposure, radiation exposure, chemicals toxins, viruses and bacteria, change of hormones, family history, excessive alcohol drinking, poor diet, lack of physical activity and overweight or obesity.

However, most people with some of the above risk factors have never developed cancer.

Genetic preposition and acquired genetic mutation are the most risk factors that can precisely predict the percentage of prevalent risk of the onset of the disease. 

Mutation of gene TP53 and PTEN. which produce a protein that suppresses the growth of tumors, genetic mutation of BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes are associated with the higher risk of cancer.

In acquire genetic mutation, some researchers suggested that the result of errors in the cell cycle division caused by long-term exposure to carcinogenic substances such as tobacco smoke and occupations which are required to chemical exposure that also damage the cells DNA are also some prevalent factors associated to the increased risk of cancers.

The US National Library of Medine wrote "For example, certain mutations in the BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes greatly increase a person's risk of developing breast cancer and ovarian cancer. Variations in other genes, such as BARD1 and BRIP1, also increase breast cancer risk, but the contribution of these genetic changes to a person's overall risk appears to be much smaller".

Futhermore, on the other front of acquired genetic mutation, Dr. Michael R. Stratton, the lead author in the study "The cancer genome" said, "the cancer cell may have acquired, from exogenous sources, completely new DNA sequences, notably those of viruses such as human papilloma virus, Epstein Barr virus, hepatitis B virus, human T lymphotropic virus 1 and human herpes virus 8, each of which is known to contribute to the genesis of one or more type of cancer".

Some researchers proposed that cancer may be results of weaken immunity, Dr. Louise M.E. Janssen, the lead scientist in the study "The immune system in cancer metastasis: friend or foe?" said, " the primary tumor induces an immune response, which may not be sufficient to destroy the primary tumor, but prevents the growth of a secondary tumor or metastases. Since that time, many different immune cells have been shown to play a role in both inhibiting and promoting metastatic disease".

Dithiolthiones are phytochemicals in the class of Organosulfides, found abundantly in cruciferous vegetables, garden sorrel, horseradish, etc.

In the concerns of chemo drugs side effect in the treatment of invasive cancers, researchers in the cancer team at the Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine conducted an experiment to test the association between urinary levels of isothiocyanates (ITCs) and the risk of pancreatic cancer in urban Shanghai.

The case-control study has been conducted in urban Shanghai from December 2006 to December 2008) through a newly established "instant case reporting" system.

Intake of cruciferous vegetables intake and ITC consumption, urinary ITC levels (median (P25, P75)) were 95.0 (66.9, 135.8) g/d, 11.0 (7.1, 16.0) µmol/d, 0.95 (0.12, 2.92) µmol/g Cr respectively in treatment cases, all lower than those of controls, separately 107.4 (80.1, 154.1) g/d, 12.3 (8.0, 18.0) µmol/d, 1.78 (0.53, 5.28) µmol/g Cr with a statistically significant differences of 3.75.

The urinary levels of ITCs all cases were found to the correlation with cruciferous vegetable consumption and dietary ITC exposure.

Further analysis suggested that there is an inverse association between urinary ITCs and the risk of pancreatic cancer after adjusting for possible confounding factors such as age, sex, history of diabetes and pancreatitis. 

Dr. the lead author said, " High levels of cruciferous vegetables or ITC consumption were associated with a reduced risk of pancreatic cancer (all P trend <0.05)".

Moreover, in the study to test the the combination of Thiazolo and isothiocyanates antiproliferative activity in a panel of 8 cancer cell lines, including lung (NCI-H322 and A549), epidermal (A431), glioblastoma (T98G), pancreatic (MIAPaCa-2), prostate (PC-3), human leukemia (HL-60) and breast (T47D) cells, researchers found that

* The combination injection showed antiproliferative activity in the lung (NCI-H322 and A549), epidermal (A431) and glioblastoma (T98G) cancer cell lines with IC50 values of 7.1, 1.4, 3.1 and 3.4 μM, respectively.

* The application compound showed the induction of apoptosis in A549 cells at 10 μM, as indicated by the increase in the sub-G1 population.

* The compounds also induced apoptosis in HL-60 cells at 20 μM. The effect of compound 4a on mitochondrial potential loss in HL-60 cells. was also studied.ct

These results suggested that Thiazolo under the influence of isothiocyanates demonstrated a potency in the inhibition of all cancer cell lines in a concentration and dose-dependent manner without inducing any side effects.

More importantly, Dr.de Figueiredo SM, the lead scientist at the Campus Morro do Cruzeiro in the study "The anti-oxidant properties of isothiocyanates: a review" revealed that ITCs induce Phase II enzymes related to detoxification processes of chemical carcinogens to prevent the start of carcinogenesis and exhibits antitumor activity at post-initiation phase.

Additionally, the lead researcher also suggested that ITCs inhibit the cell viability of human cervical cancer cells, human pancreatic cancer cells, human hepatocellular carcinoma cells, human ovarian cancer cells, and have anti-inflammatory properties in the treatment of human T-cell leukemia cells probably through improving antioxidant status.

Taken altogether, Phytochemical Isothiocyanates found abundantly in cruciferous vegetable may be considered a bioactive functional ingredient for the prevention and treatment of cancers, depending on a large sample size and multi-center in the human study.

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Author Biography
Kyle J. Norton (Scholar, Master of Nutrition, All right reserved)
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published online, including worldwide health, ezine articles, article base, health blogs, self-growth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bioscience, ISSN 0975-6299.

References
(1) [A case-control study on the association between urinary levels of isothiocyanates and the risk of pancreatic cancer].[Article in Chinese] by Wang J1, Han L, Zhang W, Wang J, Ni Q, Shen M, Gao Y2.(PubMed)
(2) Synthesis, antiproliferative and apoptosis-inducing activity of thiazolo[5,4-d]pyrimidines by Singh B1, Guru SK, Kour S, Jain SK, Sharma R, Sharma PR, Singh SK, Bhushan S, Bharate SB, Vishwakarma RA.(PubMed)
(3) The anti-oxidant properties of isothiocyanates: a review by de Figueiredo SM1, Filho SA, Nogueira-Machado JA, Caligiorne RB.(PubMed)
(4) The immune system in cancer metastasis: friend or foe? by Janssen LME1, Ramsay EE2, Logsdon CD2, Overwijk WW. (PubMed)