Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published on line, including world wide health, ezine articles, article base, healthblogs, selfgrowth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
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Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bio science, ISSN 0975-6299.
Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are medical condition mostly caused by work related occupations and working environment, affecting patients’ muscles, joints, tendons, ligaments and nerves and developing over time. According to a community sample of 73 females and 32 males aged 85 and over underwent a standardised examination at home, musculoskeletal pain was reported by 57% of those interviewed(1).
Types of Musculo-Skeletal disorders in elder(2)
1. Osteoarthritis
2. Gout
3. Rheumatoid Arthritis
4. Polymalagia Arthritis
5. Cervical myleopathy and spinal canal stenosis
6. Osteoporosis
7. Low back pain
8. Fibromyalgia
Osteoporosis
Osteoporosis is defined as a condition of thinning of bone and bone tissues as a result of the loss of bone density over a long period of time. It is a widespread degenerative disease of skeletal joints and often associated with senescence in vertebrates due to excessive or abnormal mechanical loading of weight-bearing joints, arising from heavy long-term use or specific injuries(6).
2. Vitamin A
Low retinol concentrations, a derivative of vitamin A may associated to modest fracture risk in adjustment for BMI and serum concentrations of α-tocopherol(254). According to the study by University of Sheffield, serum retinol, retinyl palmitate, and beta-carotene found in multivitamin or cod liver oil supplementation may induce lower risk of fracture depending to age, total hip BMD(255). Dr. Crandall C. said" Retinol intake from diet or supplements is negatively associated with lumbar, femoral neck, and trochanter bone mineral density (BMD),....(But) it is not yet possible to set a specific level of retinol intake above which bone health is compromised" (256).
The Prevention and Management
The prevention and management of osteoporosis are always important due to the prevalent of the diseases in in all populations and all ages(221), especially to elder, causing a significant physical, psychosocial, and financial consequences(220).
Antioxidants and Osteoporosis
Oxidative stress can induce impairment of bone mass and fragility fractures through its effects in causing apoptosis in osteoblasts, due to continuously generated of reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as H2O2-induced oxidative damage-implications(246) involved lipid peroxidation, protein damage, and DNA lesions of that exhibit the increased risk of osteoporosis(245)(248).
Antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase reduced the excessive production of free radicals in the organism, and the imbalance between the concentrations of these and the antioxidant defenses have found to attenuate the risk of osteoporosis (OP) in postmenopausal women, according to the study by the Adnan Menderes University School of Medicine(247). Further more, decrease antioxidant defenses due to aging may also may contribute to this process(250).Oxidative stress can induce impairment of bone mass and fragility fractures through its effects in causing apoptosis in osteoblasts, due to continuously generated of reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as H2O2-induced oxidative damage-implications(246) involved lipid peroxidation, protein damage, and DNA lesions of that exhibit the increased risk of osteoporosis(245)(248).
Dietary and endogenous antioxidants were consistently lower in patients with osteoporosis, according to University of Perugia, of that can lead to decrease antioxidant defenses and promoting pathogenesis of osteoporosis(249).
The Antioxidant Vitamins
1. Vitamin C
The one of free radical scavenger with function in remove or de-activate impurities and unwanted reaction of oxygen species plays an important role in antioxidant defense in reduced risk of osteoporosis, in a study of 75 subjects with osteoporosis and 75 controls(249).
In a 17-year follow-up from the Framingham Osteoporosis Study, dietary vitamin C has found to exhibit a protective effect on bone health in older adults(251), with significantly fewer hip fractures and non-vertebral fractures(251). In oxidative stress, Not orally, administration of vitamin C may prevent osteoporosis in menopausal women at high doses to postmenopausal women throguhplasma antioxidant activity(252).
The The University of Melbourne study insisted that antioxidant vitamin E or C supplements may suppress bone resorption in nonsmoking postmenopausal women, by improved bone formation and resorption(253).2. Vitamin A
Low retinol concentrations, a derivative of vitamin A may associated to modest fracture risk in adjustment for BMI and serum concentrations of α-tocopherol(254). According to the study by University of Sheffield, serum retinol, retinyl palmitate, and beta-carotene found in multivitamin or cod liver oil supplementation may induce lower risk of fracture depending to age, total hip BMD(255). Dr. Crandall C. said" Retinol intake from diet or supplements is negatively associated with lumbar, femoral neck, and trochanter bone mineral density (BMD),....(But) it is not yet possible to set a specific level of retinol intake above which bone health is compromised" (256).
According to the UMDNJ-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, deficiency of vitamin A and other dietary factors, such as protein, vitamin K, phytoestrogens, and other nutrients, -might also contribute to the risk for osteoporosis(257).
3. Vitamin D
Vitamin D, found abundantly when exposed your skin on sunlight and played an essential role in the absorption of calcium has been found to have a beneficiary effect on patient with osteoporosis. Dr. Gennari C. said" daily intake of 700-800 mg of calcium and 400-800 IU of vitamin D. This is an effective, safe and cheap means of preventing osteoporotic fractures"(258).
In a cross-sectional study involved 2942 men and 7158 women aged 40-75 years, deficiency of vitamin D (serum 25(OH)D levels below 20ng/mL) found in in 75.2% of the entire study population. is associated to significantly high prevalence of osteoporosis risk(259)(260).
Vitamin D, found abundantly when exposed your skin on sunlight and played an essential role in the absorption of calcium has been found to have a beneficiary effect on patient with osteoporosis. Dr. Gennari C. said" daily intake of 700-800 mg of calcium and 400-800 IU of vitamin D. This is an effective, safe and cheap means of preventing osteoporotic fractures"(258).
In a cross-sectional study involved 2942 men and 7158 women aged 40-75 years, deficiency of vitamin D (serum 25(OH)D levels below 20ng/mL) found in in 75.2% of the entire study population. is associated to significantly high prevalence of osteoporosis risk(259)(260).
Ovariectomy, corticosteroid therapy and calcium/phosphorus/vitamin D-deficient diet in the aging population, has shown to induce risk of osteoporosis(261).
According to Italian Society for Osteoporosis "The highest tolerated daily dose has been identified as 4,000 IU/day. Vitamin D supplementation should be carefully monitored in patients at higher risk of vitamin D intoxication (granulomatosis) or with primary hyperparathyroidism"(262).
4. Vitamin E
Lower serum of vitamin E and vitamin E:lipid ratio levels are associated with osteoporosis in early postmenopausal women through reduced bone mineral density(BMD)(263). In acommunity-dwelling elderly people in Taiwan and in postmenopausal women of Northwest India studies, vitamin D receptor (VDR) variability such as gene polymorphism and physical activity are associated to low handgrip strength (LHS) and osteoporosis (OST)(264)(265).
In fact, the imbalance of osteoclastic and osteoblastic activities in osteoporosis, may be prevented with with prolonged intake of antioxidant vitamin supplementation(266), the study Patil Medical College and Hospital suggested.
5. Vitamin K
Synthetic vitamin K2 found to associate to the inverse correlation between the changes of lumbar bone mineral density and serum undercarboxylated osteocalcin in children treated with glucocorticoid and alfacalcidol(268) has been used in therapy for treatment of osteoporosis, especially in the prevention of fractures in postmenopausal women, as it modestly increased lumbar spine BMD, and reduced the incidence of fractures (mainly vertebral fracture),..(267). Short-term effect of vitamin K administration improved BMD of the lumbar spine associated with suppression of both bone formation and bone resorption(269) and dietary of synthetic vitamins K2 and D3 induced protective effects through decreased bone mineral density(270) in patients with chronic glomerulonephritis, the Hamamatsu University School of Medicine suggested
According to Italian Society for Osteoporosis "The highest tolerated daily dose has been identified as 4,000 IU/day. Vitamin D supplementation should be carefully monitored in patients at higher risk of vitamin D intoxication (granulomatosis) or with primary hyperparathyroidism"(262).
4. Vitamin E
Lower serum of vitamin E and vitamin E:lipid ratio levels are associated with osteoporosis in early postmenopausal women through reduced bone mineral density(BMD)(263). In acommunity-dwelling elderly people in Taiwan and in postmenopausal women of Northwest India studies, vitamin D receptor (VDR) variability such as gene polymorphism and physical activity are associated to low handgrip strength (LHS) and osteoporosis (OST)(264)(265).
In fact, the imbalance of osteoclastic and osteoblastic activities in osteoporosis, may be prevented with with prolonged intake of antioxidant vitamin supplementation(266), the study Patil Medical College and Hospital suggested.
5. Vitamin K
Synthetic vitamin K2 found to associate to the inverse correlation between the changes of lumbar bone mineral density and serum undercarboxylated osteocalcin in children treated with glucocorticoid and alfacalcidol(268) has been used in therapy for treatment of osteoporosis, especially in the prevention of fractures in postmenopausal women, as it modestly increased lumbar spine BMD, and reduced the incidence of fractures (mainly vertebral fracture),..(267). Short-term effect of vitamin K administration improved BMD of the lumbar spine associated with suppression of both bone formation and bone resorption(269) and dietary of synthetic vitamins K2 and D3 induced protective effects through decreased bone mineral density(270) in patients with chronic glomerulonephritis, the Hamamatsu University School of Medicine suggested
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References
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