Lung cancer is a chronic condition characterized by irregular cells in the lung tissues caused by the alternation of cells' DNA.
The lung is a vital organ of the human being, located near the backbone on either side of the heart with functions of inhaling oxygen from the air then transporting them to the bloodstream, and exhaling carbon dioxide from the bloodstream.
According to the statistics, in the US, lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths. In n 2007. lung caused the death of 158,683 Americans, including 88,329 men and 70,354 women i
There are several types of lung cancer including
1. Non-small cell lung cancer
Non-small cell lung cancer, the most common type of lung cancer grown and spread methodically and predictably, includes
* Squamous-cell carcinoma often found in an outer area of the lung.
*Large-cell carcinoma found in the center of the lung by an air tube.
* Adenocarcinoma found in any part of the lung.
2. Small cell lung cancer
Small cell lung cancer is an aggressive type of lung cancer. The cells of small cell cancer have been found to spread to distant parts of the body in a relatively early stage.
* Small cell carcinoma in which the cells are small, round, and resemble oats.
* Mixed small cell/large cell carcinoma, the malignant tumor is found in combining components of small cell lung carcinoma with large cell lung carcinoma.
* Combined small cell carcinoma, the malignant tumor is found in combining of a component of small cell lung carcinoma with components of non-small cell lung carcinoma
Out of many risk factors associated with the onset of lung cancer, some researchers suggested smokers are at substantial risk of the disease.
Dr. Ozlü T the lead scientist wrote, "It is estimated that deaths attributable to tobacco use will rise to 10 million by 2025, and one-third of all adult deaths are expected to be related to cigarette smoking".
And, "Tobacco use has been reported to be the main cause of 90% of male and 79% of female lung cancers. 90% of deaths from lung cancer are estimated to be due to smoking. The risk of lung cancer development is 20-40 times higher in lifelong smokers compared to non-smokers".
The results strongly suggested that if you are a smoker, your risk of lung cancer developing is rocketing.
Bromelain, a proteolytic enzyme found in pineapples (Ananas comosus) has been used in traditional medicine as an inflammatory agent and to treat pains, strains, muscle aches and pains and ease back pain and chronic joint pain, skin diseases, etc.
With an aim to find a natural ingredient against lung cancer, researchers examined the effects of the antitumor effect of fastuosain, a cysteine proteinase from Bromelia fastuosa on the intravenous model of lung colonization in C57Bl/6 mice.
According to the tested assays, fastuosain showed reduced expression of the marker of cancer progression (CD44) and decreased invasion by inhibiting cancer cell communication and inflammation in tumor cells.
Furthermore, fastuosain also induced cancer apoptosis by blocking the function enzymes associated with cell proliferation.
Interestingly, in green fluorescent protein-chimeric animals, treatment with fastuosain did not change the number of cells that migrated to the lung, compared to PBS-injected control mice, but the number of positive major histocompatibility complex class II cells associated with antigens was increased significantly.
In other words, fastuosain anti-lung cancer activity is mainly involved in the direct effect of the enzyme and elicitation of protective antibodies.
Taken altogether, bromelain may be considered supplements for the prevention and treatment of lung cancer, pending to the confirmation of the larger sample size and multicenter human study.
Intake of bromelain in the form of supplements should be taken with extreme care to prevent overdose acute liver toxicity.
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Author Biography
Kyle J. Norton (Scholar, Master of Nutrition, All right reserved)
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published online, including worldwide health, ezine articles, article base, health blogs, self-growth, best before it's news, the Karate GB Daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as the international journal Pharma and Bioscience, ISSN 0975-6299.
Sources
(1) Antitumor effects in vitro and in vivo and mechanisms of protection against melanoma B16F10-Nex2 cells by fastuosain, a cysteine proteinase from Bromelia fastuosa by Guimarães-Ferreira CA1, Rodrigues EG, Mortara RA, Cabral H, Serrano FA, Ribeiro-dos-Santos R, Travassos LR. (PubMed)
(2) Melanoma heterogeneity: differential, invasive, metastatic properties and profiles of cathepsin B, D and L activities in subclones of the B16F10-NEX2 cell line by Freitas ZF1, Rodrigues EG, Oliveira V, Carmona AK, Travassos LR. (PubMed)
(3) Smoking and lung cancer by Ozlü T1, Bülbül Y. (PubMed)
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