Inflammation is the natural response of the immune system macrophages, the first line of defense in stimulating the production of inflammatory cytokines to protect our body against the infection caused by foreign microorganisms during the acute phase of body damage and injury.
Truly, the main focus of inflammation is to repair damage and injury.
Most cases of infection associated with inflammation are stopped at the acute phase. The wound or injury is slowly recovered.
Any inflammation that lasts more than 3 months is considered chronic inflammation.
Chronic inflammation is the result of the immune system's inability to kill off all the microorganisms that participated in the acute phase of infection, leading to the forming of autoimmune and chronic inflammatory diseases such as RA and diabetes.
Inflammation also can be caused by overexpression of free radicals compared to the antioxidant enzymes in the body. This result can lead to an imbalance of the ratio of the levels of free radicals and antioxidants, the major cause of oxidative stress.
Airway inflammation is a lung inflammatory caused by both allergens and immune mistakenly attacking the respiratory tissues.
Chronic airway disease predominantly asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) have increased at an alarming rate in the US over the past 20 years.
According to the statistics provided by the WHO, globally, approximately 65 million people suffer from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), causing the death of 3 million each year. and 334 million people suffer from asthma, affecting 14% of all children globally.
In the US, the prevalence of chronic airway disease was found to cause a major financial burden to society, with both direct and indirect costs.
Neutrophilic airway inflammation is a severe condition that plays a role in the progression of persistent airflow limitation in asthma and raises the possibility that this progression and the development of COPD.
Broccoli is a mustard/cabbage plant, belongings to the family Brassicaceae. The veggie has large flower heads, usually green in color with a mass of flower heads surrounded by leaves and evolved from a wild cabbage plant from the continent of Europe.
With an aim to find a natural food for the prevention and treatment of respiratory diseases, researchers examined the effect of sulforaphane, an active compound of broccoli anti-airway inflammation
The study included 16 subjects that were randomized, and fifteen subjects completed all visits.
According to the tested analysis, 3 days of broccoli sprout homogenate (BSH) significantly increased levels of SFN (p = 0.001) and its major metabolites. However, the BSH supplementation group showed no significant difference in sputum neutrophilia compared to the placebo.
Despite significantly increased plasma levels of SFN in the BSH group, post-O3 gene expression of NRF2 and phase II antioxidant defense genes in NECs and peripheral blood were not significantly different from placebo.
In other words, SFN with broccoli sprout homogenate in healthy human subjects did not induce the expression of antioxidant genes, NRF2.
Furthermore, BSH-induced high levels of SFN do not protect against neutrophilic airway inflammation in an ozone-exposure model.
Based on the results, researchers wrote, " These contradictory results may be due to different systemic levels of SFN achieved with dietary supplementation with BSH, which is not standardized"
And "However, because variability exists in the timing and methods of detection for SFN conjugate levels, it is difficult to compare systemic SFN levels across studies".
In other words, SFN protected the integrity of the neurons against neuron damage through its anti-neuroinflammatory and neuroprotective activities.
Taken altogether, broccoli sprouts processed abundantly SFN may not be considered supplements for the prevention of neutrophilic airway inflammation, pending the confirmation of the larger sample size and multicenter human study.
Intake of SFN in the form of supplements should be taken with extreme care to prevent overdose acute liver toxicity.
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Author Biography
Kyle J. Norton (Scholar, Master of Nutrition, All right reserved)
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published online, including worldwide health, ezine articles, article base, health blogs, self-growth, best before it's news, the Karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as the international journal Pharma and Bioscience, ISSN 0975-6299.
Sources
(1) A proof-of-concept clinical study examining the NRF2 activator sulforaphane against neutrophilic airway inflammation by Duran CG1, Burbank AJ1, Mills KH1, Duckworth HR1, Aleman MM1, Kesic MJ2, Peden DB1, Pan Y3, Zhou H3, Hernandez ML. (PubMed)
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