The Holistic prevention, management and treatment of Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome: The Fertility Herb White willow

By Kyle J. Norton
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published on line, including world wide health, ezine articles, article base, healthblogs, selfgrowth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
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Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bio science, ISSN 0975-6299.


                    Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome

Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome is defined as endocrinologic diseases among reproductive-age women caused by undeveloped follicles clumping on the ovaries that interferes with the function of the normal ovaries associated with a high risk for metabolic disorder(1) as resulting of enlarged ovaries(2), leading to hormone imbalance(excessive androgen and anti-müllerian hormone (AMH) )(1)(3)(4)(5), induced Hirsutism(6)(7), reproductive disorder(10(12)), risks of type 2 diabetes(9)(10)(11), metabolic syndrome(10)(12) and early cardiovasular disease(8)(13), acne(10)(14), endometrial cance(18)(19),weight gain and obesity(15)(16)(17). The syndrome effects over 5% of women population or 1 in 20 women.
Unfortunately, according to studies, women with PCOs after the reproductive age, are associated to  continuously increase risk of type II diabetes, with no increasing altered glucose tolerance(20), CVD and hypertension(21).

          The prevention and management  In Herbal Medicine

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is unpreventable in Western medicine. Early diagnosis and treatment  may reduce risk of its complications, including infertility, metabolic syndrome, obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, stroke, etc.
        Reduce fat intake less than 30% of total calories with a low proportion of saturated fat and high in fiber from predominantly low-glycaemic-index-carbohydrate foods for patients with PCOs(827a). Calorie intake should be distributed between several meals per day with restricted intake of snacks and drinks(828).

                     The Fertility Herb: White willow

White willow is also known as salix alba in herbal medicine, native to Europe and western and central Asia, used in traditional medicine as pain reliever(1007)(1008), anticancer(1009)(1010), antimicrobial(1013), antioxidant(1014)(1015), anti-inflammatory(1011)(1012) and fertility enhancing herb(1016).

1, Antiestrigenic effects
White willow processes antiestrigenic effects(1017) by blocking proliferation in hypersensitive cells (1018) which cause estrogenic diseases, including breast cancer(1019) and metabolism imbalance(1020) diseases, such as obesity and diabetes(1021).

2. Salicylic acid
Salicylic acid, a chemical compound converted from salincin found abundantly in white willow has shown to process anti acne(1022)(1023) one of many symptoms of PCOs) effects, probably through its antioxidant activity(1026) in blocking elevated production of sebum by hyperactive sebaceous glands and blockage of the follicle(1022). According to Telemark Hospital, the acid may also be beneficiary for increased the clinical pregnancy rate when used conjunction with vitro fertilisation (IVF)/intra-cytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI)(1024) and protective against fetal losses(1025), through its anti antithrombotic property(1025). The synthetic version of salicylic acid has also shown to consisting aspirin's cardioprotective effects through its antithrombotic and anti-inflammatory actions(1027).

3. Immune system
 The antioxidant(1028)(1029) and anti inflammatory(1030)(1031) effects of white willow enhance immune system fighting against microbial invasion and guarding our body DNA integrity(1033) against irregular cell growth(1032)(1033) through inhibiting the effect of intermediate enzymes and other mechanisms(1027)

d. Vitamin C
Natural vitamin polypeptide C white willow found in white willow not only is found to consist the weight loss property(See the weight loss vitamin C)[
Vitami C found abundantly in red clover has shown strong evidneces epidemiologically in reducing weight loss for obese population, espexially for obese women with PCOs.

See The weight loss vitamin C for more details
[Vitamin C  and other nutrients deficiency not only is associated to the risk of Obesity(807) but also enhances the risk of lipids, inflammation and insulin resistance(808).
According to the research team at Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, there is an associated link between Obesity and  Zinc and vitamins A and C concentration in in women from rural Mexico, in a fasting blood sample analysis (809).
Although genetic susceptibility to obesity is associated with gene polymorphisms affecting biochemical pathways which also impacted by specific foods and nutrients. According to Dr. Johnston CS., vitamin C depletion is associated to positively related to body mass, individuals with adequate vitamin C status oxidize 30% more fat during a moderate exercise bout than individuals with low vitamin C status(810)

Vitamin C, the protective effect against obesity
Endothelial dysfunction has found to be associated to the incidence of obesity(811). The study of 76 healthy subjects (50 men and 26 women aged 21-45 years) obese subject, showed a positive effect of vitamin C and indomethacin in reduced oxidative stress contributed to endothelial dysfunction in human obesity(812).
In the evaluation of the potential inhibitory activity on α-glucosidase and pancreatic lipase by Citrus spp. fruits of Spanish origin, grapefruit, contained higher contents of phytochemicals such as vitamin C, is found to have a great value for nutrition and treatment of diet-related diseases(813).
L-Ascorbic acid in the study, whether  would facilitate the anti-obesity effects of chitosan and psyllium husk in vivo, showed addition of vitamin C in diet  influenced the reduction in body weight gain and food efficiency ratio, and the increase in total fecal weight and fecal fat excretion in guinea pigs fed a high-fat diet(814)]
  but also improves the immune function in fighting against the forming of free radicals(1034) and foreign invasion(1035) but also increases the blood flow to the reproductive organ(1036)(1037)(1038) through reducing oxidant stress, increasing NO bioavailability(1037) of which may reduce risk sexual libido(1038) and enhance the chance of conception(1039)(1040)(1041).


Side effects
1. Risk of anaphylactic reaction to patients with a history of allergy to salicylates(1042).
2. Over dose of white willow may cause digestive disorder such as nausea and stomachache(1044)
3. Do not use the herb(1043)
a.  If you are aspirin allergy/sensitivity,
b. If you are taking anticoagulants or "blood thinners," and
c. On children with flu-like symptoms or Reye's syndrome.


Ovarian Cysts And PCOS Elimination
Holistic System In Existence That Will Show You How To
Permanently Eliminate All Types of Ovarian Cysts Within 2 Months   

References
(1) Adiposity and metabolic dysfunction in polycystic ovary syndrome by Sam S.(PubMed)
(2) A "kiss" before conception: triggering ovulation with kisspeptin-54 may improve IVF by Young SL.(PubMed)
(3.) Androgen hyperfunction and excessive heterosexual hair growth in women, with special attention to the polycystic ovarian syndrome by Lunde O¹.(PubMed)
(4) Expression of anti-Müllerian hormone in letrozole rat model of polycystic ovary syndrome by Du DF¹, Li XL, Fang F, Du MR.(PubMed)
(5) [Serum levels of anti-muller hormone in women with polycystic ovary syndrome and healthy women of reproductive age].[Article in Bulgarian] by Parahuleva N, Pehlivanov B, Orbecova M, Deneva T, Uchikova E.(PubMed)
(6) [Current opinions on the etiology and pathophysiology of hirsutism].[Article in Polish] by Krysiak R¹, Kedzia A, Okopień B.(PubMed)
(7) The clinical evaluation of hirsutism by Somani N¹, Harrison S, Bergfeld WF.(PubMed)
(8) Polycystic ovary syndrome and insulin: our understanding in the past, present and future by Mayer SB¹, Evans WS, Nestler JE.(PubMed)
(9) Association of mean platelet volume with androgens and insulin resistance in nonobese patients with polycystic ovary syndrome by Dogan BA¹, Arduc A², Tuna MM¹, Karakılıc E¹, Dagdelen I¹, Tutuncu Y¹, Berker D¹, Guler S¹.(PubMed)
(10) Approach to the patient: contraception in women with polycystic ovary syndrome by Yildiz BO¹.(PubMed)
(11) Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS): a significant contributor to the overall burden of type 2 diabetes in women by Talbott EO¹, Zborowski JV, Rager JR, Kip KE, Xu X, Orchard TJ.(PubMed)
(12) Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in Slovak women with polycystic ovary syndrome and its relation to metabolic and reproductive abnormalities by Figurová J¹, Dravecká I, Javorský M, Petríková J, Lazúrová I.(PubMed)
(13) Role of Insulin Sensitizers on Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome: A Meta-Analysis by Thethi TK¹, Katalenich B², Nagireddy P³, Chabbra P⁴, Kuhadiya N⁵, Fonseca V¹.(PubMed)
(14) Acne in hirsute women by Lumezi BG¹, Pupovci HL¹, Berisha VL¹, Goçi AU², Gerqari A³.(PubMed)
(15) Obesity and polycystic ovary syndrome by Naderpoor N¹, Shorakae S, Joham A, Boyle J, De Courten B, Teede HJ.(PubMed)
(16) Polycystic ovary syndrome: a complex condition with psychological, reproductive and metabolic manifestations that impacts on health across the lifespan by Teede H¹, Deeks A, Moran L.(PubMed)
(17) Metabolic Evidence of Diminished Lipid Oxidation in Women With Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. by Whigham LD¹, Butz DE², Dashti H³, Tonelli M³, Johnson LK¹, Cook ME², Porter WP⁴, Eghbalnia HR⁵, Markley JL⁶, Lindheim SR⁷, Schoeller DA⁸, Abbott DH⁹, Assadi-Porter FM¹⁰.(PubMed)
(18) Risk of endometrial, ovarian and breast cancer in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis by Barry JA¹, Azizia MM¹, Hardiman PJ².(PubMed)
(19) Risk of cancer among women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a Danish cohort study by Gottschau M¹, Kjaer SK², Jensen A¹, Munk C¹, Mellemkjaer L³.(PubMed)
(20) Polycystic ovary syndrome: metabolic consequences and long-term management by Carmina E¹.(PubMed)
(21) Arterial stiffness is increased in asymptomatic nondiabetic postmenopausal women with a polycystic ovary syndrome phenotype by Armeni E¹, Stamatelopoulos K, Rizos D, Georgiopoulos G, Kazani M, Kazani A, Kolyviras A, Stellos K, Panoulis K, Alexandrou A, Creatsa M, Papamichael C, Lambrinoudaki I.(PubMed)
(827a) Diet and nutrition in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): pointers for nutritional management by Farshchi H, Rane A, Love A, Kennedy RL(PubMed)
(828) The optimal diet for women with polycystic ovary syndrome? by Marsh K, Brand-Miller J.(PubMed) 
(1009) In vitro anti-proliferative effects of the willow bark extract STW 33-I by  Bonaterra GA1, Kelber O, Weiser D, Metz J, Kinscherf R.(PubMed)
(1010) Willow leaves' extracts contain anti-tumor agents effective against three cell types by El-Shemy HA1, Aboul-Enein AM, Aboul-Enein KM, Fujita K.(PubMed)
(1011) Mechanisms involved in the anti-inflammatory effect of a standardized willow bark extract by Khayyal MT1, El-Ghazaly MA, Abdallah DM, Okpanyi SN, Kelber O, Weiser D.(PubMed)
(1012) Amelioration of collagen-induced arthritis by Salix nigra bark extract via suppression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress by Sharma S1, Sahu D, Das HR, Sharma D.(PubMed)
(1013) Antimicrobial effects of Finnish plant extracts containing flavonoids and other phenolic compounds by Rauha JP1, Remes S, Heinonen M, Hopia A, Kähkönen M, Kujala T, Pihlaja K, Vuorela H, Vuorela P.(PubMed)
(1014) The study of interactions between active compounds of coffee and willow (Salix sp.) bark by water extract. Durak A1, Gawlik-Dziki U1.(PubMed)
(1015) Willow bark extract increases antioxidant enzymes and reduces oxidative stress through activation of Nrf2 in vascular endothelial cells and Caenorhabditis elegans by Ishikado A1, Sono Y, Matsumoto M, Robida-Stubbs S, Okuno A, Goto M, King GL, Blackwell TK, Makino T.(PubMed)
(1016) What Your Doctor May Not Tell You About(TM) Getting Pregnant: Boost Your ... By Raymond Chang, Elena Oumano
(1017) antiestrigenic effectsof bee pollen from Cystus incanus and Salix alba as evaluated by the yeast estrogen screen and the micronucleus assay in human lymphocytes by Pinto B1, Caciagli F, Riccio E, Reali D, Sarić A, Balog T, Likić S, Scarpato R.(PubMed)
(1018) Adaptive hypersensitivity to estrogen: mechanisms and clinical relevance to aromatase inhibitor therapy in breast cancer treatment by Santen RJ1, Song RX, Zhang Z, Kumar R, Jeng MH, Masamura S, Lawrence J Jr, MacMahon LP, Yue W, Berstein L.(PubMed)
(1019) Transcriptional implications of intragenic DNA methylation in the oestrogen receptor alpha gene in breast cancer cells and tissues by Shenker NS1, Flower KJ2, Wilhelm-Benartzi CS3, Dai W4,5, Bell E6, Gore E7, El Bahrawy M8, Weaver G9, Brown R10, Flanagan JM11.(PubMed)
(1020) Sex hormone imbalances and adipose tissue dysfunction impacting on metabolic syndrome; a paradigm for the discovery of novel adipokines by Zhang H, Sairam MR.(PubMed)
(1021) Metabolic Balance for Maximum Health 6/06 June 6, 2006 - - + Juvenon Health Journal Vol. 5 No. 6, June 2006
(1022) [Use of organic acids in acne and skin discolorations therapy].[Article in Polish]by Kapuścińska A¹, Nowak I¹.(PubMed)
(1023) Rapid treatment of mild acne with a novel skin care system containing 1% salicylic acid, 10% buffered glycolic acid, and botanical ingredients by Bhatia AC, Jimenez F.(PubMed)
(1024) Do acetyl salicylic acid and terbutaline in combination increase the probability of a clinical pregnancy in patients undergoing IVF/ICSI by Hanevik HI¹, Friberg M, Bergh A, Haraldsen C, Kahn JA.(PubMed)
(1025) Efficacy of three different antithrombotic regimens on pregnancy outcome in pregnant women affected by recurrent pregnancy loss by Giancotti A¹, La Torre R, Spagnuolo A, D'Ambrosio V, Cerekja A, Piazze J, Chistolini A.(PubMed)
(1026) Clinical evidence on the efficacy and safety of an antioxidant optimized 1.5% salicylic acid (SA) cream in the treatment of facial acne: an open, baseline-controlled clinical study by Zheng Y¹, Wan M, Chen H, Ye C, Zhao Y, Yi J, Xia Y, Lai W.(PubMed)
(1027) Molecular targets of aspirin and cancer prevention by Alfonso L¹, Ai G², Spitale RC³, Bhat GJ².(PubMed)
(1028) Effects of salicylic acid and putrescine on storability, quality attributes and antioxidant activity of plum cv. 'Santa Rosa' by Davarynejad GH¹, Zarei M¹, Nasrabadi ME¹, Ardakani E¹.(PubMed)
(1029) Salicylic acid promotes seed germination under high salinity by modulating antioxidant activity in Arabidopsis by Lee S¹, Kim SG, Park CM.(PubMed)
(1030) An in vivo study examining the antiinflammatory effects of chamomile, meadowsweet, and willow bark in a novel functional beverage by Drummond EM¹, Harbourne N, Marete E, Jacquier JC, O'Riordan D, Gibney ER.(PubMed)
(1031) Inhibition of proinflammatory biomarkers in THP1 macrophages by polyphenols derived from chamomile, meadowsweet and willow bark by Drummond EM¹, Harbourne N, Marete E, Martyn D, Jacquier J, O'Riordan D, Gibney ER.(PubMed)
(1032) Willow bark extract (BNO1455) and its fractions suppress growth and induce apoptosis in human colon and lung cancer cells by Hostanska K¹, Jürgenliemk G, Abel G, Nahrstedt A, Saller R.(PubMed)
(1033) In vitro anti-proliferative effects of the willow bark extract STW 33-I. by Bonaterra GA¹, Kelber O, Weiser D, Metz J, Kinscherf R.(PubMed)
(1034) Comprehensive study on vitamin C equivalent antioxidant capacity (VCEAC) of various polyphenolics in scavenging a free radical and its structural relationship by Kim DO¹, Lee CY.(PubMed)
(1035) Structure, mechanism and regulation of an artificial microbial ecosystem for vitamin C production by Zou W¹, Liu L, Chen J.(PubMed)
(1036) Melatonin and vitamin C increase umbilical blood flow via nitric oxide-dependent mechanisms by Thakor AS¹, Herrera EA, Serón-Ferré M, Giussani DA.(PubMed)
(1037) Tetrahydrobiopterin, L-arginine and vitamin C act synergistically to decrease oxidant stress and increase nitric oxide that increases blood flow recovery after hindlimb ischemia in the rat by Yan J¹, Tie G, Messina LM.(PubMed)
(1038) Protective role of ascorbic acid to enhance reproductive performance of male rabbits treated with stannous chloride by Yousef MI¹.(PubMed)
(1039) Efficacy of vitamin C and ethanolic extract of Sesamum indicum in promoting fertility in male Wistar rats by Ashamu E¹, Salawu E, Oyewo O, Alhassan A, Alamu O, Adegoke A.(PubMed)
(1040) Vitamin C--the primate fertility factor? by Millar J¹.(PubMed)
(1041) Promoting extracellular matrix remodeling via ascorbic acid enhances the survival of primary ovarian follicles encapsulated in alginate hydrogels by Tagler D¹, Makanji Y, Tu T, Bernabé BP, Lee R, Zhu J, Kniazeva E, Hornick JE, Woodruff TK, Shea LD.(PubMed)